Exam (elaborations)

A-level PSYCHOLOGY Paper 3 Issues and options in psychology JUNE 2022

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A-level PSYCHOLOGY Paper 3 Issues And Options In P

1. define universali- ty refers to characteristics of human beings that can be ap- plied to all, despite differences of experience or upbringing 2. define alpha bias when differences between men and women are highlight- ed. psychological theories that suggest there are real and enduring diff...

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Number of pages 38
Written in 2022/2023
Type Exam (elaborations)
Contains Questions & answers

1 define universali ty refers to characteristics of human beings that can be ap plied to all
despite differences of experience or upbringing 2 define alpha bias when differences between me

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issues and debates psychology
Study online at
https://quizlet.com/_cmynx7
1. define
refers to characteristics of human beings that can
universali- ty
be ap- plied to all, despite differences of
experience or upbringing

2. define alpha bias when differences between men and women are
highlight- ed. psychological theories that suggest
there are real and enduring differences between
men and women can be said to show alpha bias.
3. define beta bias when theories ignore or minimise genuine
differences
between the sexes. for example, when research
uses all male samples but uses the findings to
talk about all human behaviour.

4. explain how freud viewed femininity as failed masculinity. he
freud uses alpha believed women were inferior to men as they
bias theory in were jealous of men's penises (penis envy) and
gender biased could not undergo the same Oedipus conflict
re- search (which involves castration anxiety) as boys.
because the stronger superego (which regulates
morals) develops from the Oedipus conflict
women must be morally inferior. freud believed
penis envy becomes a major driving force in the
girl's mental life and needs to be successfully
sublimated into a desire for a husband and
5. what are the children if it is not to result in a psychological
consequences disorder.
of freuds alpha
bi- ased theory Freud's ideas could be seen as socially sensitive.
on gender differ- he im- plies women must be married and have
ences? children, rein- forcing typical gender roles. he
also suggests women are inferior due to a weaker
6. how does the superego. his ideas don't apply to everyone as
stress response some women are transgender and single
show beta mothers.
bias?
most research conducted on stress focused only
on male participants. this means it only accounts
1/

, issues and debates psychology
Study online at
thehttps://quizlet.com/_cmynx7
for male stress Taylor et al argues there are gender differ- ences
response and in how men and women respond to stress
assumes men and suggest- ing not everyone responds with the fight
women are the or flight response, women take a tend and
same. however, befriend response.

2/

, issues and debates psychology
Study online at
https://quizlet.com/_cmynx7
7. consequences of followed to avoid
beta bias in the
stress response

8. Define
androcen- trism

9. gender bias in
the mental
health
diagnosis: DSM
diagnostic crite-
ria

10.consequences of
gender bias in
mental health di-
agnosis.

11.why is there a
gender bias in
psychology?

12.what does gen-
der bias lead to?

13.briefly state the
criteria put for-
ward by femi-
nist psychologist
(Worrell (1992) )
that should be
3/

, issues and debates psychology
Study online at
womenhttps://quizlet.com/_cmynx7
may not women to be perceived as less mentally healthy
get the correct when they do not show 'male' behaviour.
treatment or
help when they as women are unlikely to demonstarte the same
are struggling behav- iour as men, this pathologises them more,
with stress making them appear less mentally healthy and
because people stable. this reinforces stereotypes that came from
only un- Freud's research- that women are the weaker
derstand the sex.
male stress
response. there are few women at senior level in
Psychological posts
When "normal"
behaviour is
judged according
to a male -female concerns not being reflected in
standard, if research ques- tions
women behave -male researchers being more likely to get
differently they research pub- lished
are viewed as -studies which find evidence of gender
deficient by differences are more likely to appear n journal
comparison articles.

some diagnostic -study women in meaningful real-life contexts
categories are rather than lab based environments
biased towards -qualitative methods over quantitative
patholo- gising -stop comparing men to women-look at diversity
one gender rather within the genders
than the other. it
has been report-
ed that clinicians
in the US equate
mentally healthy
adult behaviour
with very mentally
healthy behaviour,
illustrating a form
of androcentrism.
as a result, there's
a tendency for
4/

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