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Complete unit 14A assignment

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Najah Bendriss BTEC Applied Science Unit 14A


Functional group chemistry for designer molecules

P1: Explanation of the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl functional
group compounds.

Scheme 1: Aliphatic Compounds.




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Najah Bendriss BTEC Applied Science Unit 14A




Cyanohydrins – Hydroxy-amines: Reaction of benzyl aldehyde + sodium cyanide in the
presence of crown ethers in tetrahydrofuran under anhydrous conditions.

Cyanohydrins – hydroxy-acids: Reaction of potassium cyanide with an imide then
hydrolysed with a strong acid.

Aldehydes – cyanohydrins: Reacts with potassium cyanide or nitriles.

Ketones – cyanohydrins: Reacts with potassium cyanide or nitriles.

Ketones – alcohols: Reduction reaction with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium
hydride.

Alcohols – ketones: Oxidation reaction with potassium dichromate and (concentrated)
sulphuric acid.

Alcohols – alkenes: Dehydration at temperature 180oC in (concentrated)sulphuric acid.

Alkenes – alcohols: Heat at high temperature (300oC) with phosphoric acid.

Alkenes – poly-alkenes: Reaction with presence of zeolite at low pressure of 60 ATM.

Alkenes – alkanes: Hydrogenation with nickel at temp 180oC.

Alkanes – alkenes: Cracking process at 500oC with 20 ATM.

Organisms – coal: Oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur.

Organisms – oil: This is an organic source.

Coal – alkanes: Oxidation using potassium permanganate.

Oil – alkanes: Fractional distillation at 350oC.

Alkanes – halogenoalkanes: Halogenation in UV radiation.

Halogenoalkanes – alkenes: Reaction with potassium hydroxide in alcohol during refluxing.

Alkenes – halogenoalkanes: Reactions with sodium, potassium bromide, and (concentrated)
sulphuric acid during refluxing.

Halogenoalkanes – Grignard reagents: Reactions with magnesium and diethyl ether when
refluxing.


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