Condensed notes on ALL the key information with the Contemporary Urban Environments Chapter of AQA Human Geography - clear and visually easy to understand
3.5 - Urban Growth
Bengaluru
Context:
- 4th biggest city in India,
- Social shift as people used to go there to retire but now lots of young people
- Tech industry, beer industry, a lot more vibrant and cosmopolitan than it was 10
years ago,
- Creative and innovative city
- Mostly concrete
- 1 tree for 7 people
- Increase in temperature and pollution
POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEMOGRAPHIC
Gov tried to Economic More skilled 200 engineering Influx on
attract tech growth – workers colleges economic
companies increase in arriving migrants
labour and Many graduates
Gov invested productivity +demand for go to work for Rapid pop growth
in education, high quality space research – almost 2x
transport, Informal sector housing between 2001
PROCESSE
infrastructure, meeting needs Home to 3rd and 2015
S
housing of corporate Growing divide airport in India
workers between
(providing middle glass
cleaners, and bottom
drivers...) class
More jobs Less Larger labour Educated Large labour pool
from new unemploymen force workforce
businesses t encourages
More diversity overseas
Improves Money with companies
image reinvested into immigrants
Attracts local economy Airport provides
foreign City more jobs
companies Known as hub attractive
for high-tech
Less green Economic Crime due to Average wages Guaranteed pop
space inequality inequality only 10% of those growth due to
in London young generation
Expensive for Conflict from Growth in
government migrants slums Many high paid Increased
roles in foreign pressure on
firms go to expats infrastructure
, 3.6 - Urban Change
Deindustrialisation: The long-term decline of a country’s manufacturing and heavy
industries
Decentralisation: process of redistributing people, functions or power way from the centre
to the periphery (outskirts).
Causes of deindustrialisation
Reduced need for labour: rapid mechanisation and application of new technologies
increased productivity per worker and led to a labour surplus
Reduced demand: as household incomes increased, people preferred spending money
on services rather than manufactured goods.
Globalisation of manufacturing: resulted in an increased number of multinationals
outsourcing labour in LDE’s, while the emergence of EME’s introduced new competition
to the global marketplace.
Increased costs: including costs of raw materials and those associated with political
decision-making, such as removal of a trade subsidy and tighter environmental
restrictions.
Impacts of deindustrialisation
Negatives:
Closure of feeder businesses into main industry
Loss of jobs
Unemployment increases - loss of personal disposable incomes
Higher levels of crime + other social problems
Loss of confidence
Increase demand for state benefits
Deprivation - lack of access to social and economic necessities
Local authorities receive less tax
Housing less well maintained, councils have reduced funding
Derelict buildings/land
Infrastructure deteriorates
Out migration of better qualified, more affluent population
Decline in property prices
Long term pollution - no money for land remediation
Positives:
Reduction in noise, water pollution, traffic congestion
The Doughnut effect = a development where the city centre becomes more hollow or
empty, as businesses and people move into the outskirts of the city.
, 3.8 - Urban Policy and Regeneration
1979-1992
- Regeneration of inner-city areas
- Property-led initiatives
- Emphasis on role of the private sector
1993-1997
- More emphasis on local leadership
- Partnership schemes and competition-led policy
- Tackling run down areas, including peripheral estates
- Partnerships between local authorities, communities and the private sector
1997-2000s
- Area- based initiatives
- Targeting improvements in health, education and employment
- Emphasis on sustainable communities
2010s
- Calls for more power at a local level
Urban development Corporation London Docklands 1979-1991
+ effective in attracting new businesses
+ effective in improving the environment
+ by the mid-90s, they had attracted over 12bn in private investment and created 190,000
jobs nationally
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