Russification of national minorities under Alexander II and Alexander III. Covers treatment of the Jews, Ukrainians, Poles, Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Muslims and Georgians.
Nation Information
The Jews Jews arrived in Europe in Roman times. Many people disliked them due to various reason
(they kept their religion and money landing)
Forced to live in the Pale of settlement (were allowed to hold land there).
During Alex II anti-Semitism was small (people hated them because of the teaching of the
church, money-lending and personal riches). After Polish rebellion, the participation of Jews
in town government was restricted and afterwards there was a growth of anti-Semitism.
Under Alexander III their life became harder; the catalysis was Alex II assassination. After it
pogroms-semi-official attacks and increased immigration to other countries started. Growth
of Zionism (having their own county) and socialism (changing people around).
Finland 1809-separated from Swedish Empire; after Swedish War Russia gained control over it.
However, Finland was an autonomic state.
Under Alex I and II there was a liberation (their own senate, council, education, legislation,
army and money, 1858-language). It was a quasi-state under Russia’s control.
After 1881, the Russification started. Many liberties were taken, which cause discontent of
Finnish people, suppression Finish language and taking up Orthodox church. When in 1904
the Governor of Finland was assassinated, people became resentful towards Russia.
During Nicolas II Black Hundreds were established, who attacked groups that were disloyal.
Belorussia After the Napoleon defeat, Belarus became a part of Russia and its guberniyas constituted
part of North-western Krai (Minsk, Vitebsk, Mogilyov, Grodno).
The anti-Russian uprisings of the gentry in 1830 and 1863; subdued by government forces.
De-Polonization and Russification under Nicolas I and Alex III: Return to Orthodoxy; forbade
the use of the term Belorussia, renamed the region the "North-Western Territory". No
Belarusian language in schools; campaigns against Belarusian publications; Pressure of
Catholics. Result: A number of authors started publishing in the Belarusian language (J.
Czeczot, W. Syrokomla and K. Kalinowski).
1863 Revolt, led by Kalinowski. Reason: economic and cultural pressure
Result: failed revolt, introduction the use of Cyrillic and ban Latin alphabet in 1864.
In the second half of the 19th century, Belarusian economy, was experiencing significant
growth due to the spread of the Industrial Revolution (after the emancipation).
Results: peasants sought a better life in foreign industrial centres - 1.5 ml people left.
Georgia 1801-became part of Russian empire. 1865-emancipation of the serfs.
Under Alexander III Georgian language was banned, Russian was compulsory in school; in
some of the counties Turkish was the main language (to divide Georgians). No regular army.
In 1917 Georgy became independent country, but in 1922 Russia invaded and Georgia
became part of USSR. In 1991 Georgia became an independent country.
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