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Use named examples to show how the effects and
responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of
contrasting levels of wealth:
Nepal 2015 (LIC)-
25th April 2015. Magnitude=7.8, Plate Margin between Indian and Eurasian plate,
Epicentre=50km NW of Kathmandu, Focus=11km deep.
Primary Impacts: 8841 dead, over 17000 dead; Communications affected; Reduced
supply of water;352 aftershocks including one of 7.3 magnitude.
Secondary Impacts: Happened just before monsoon season (where rice is planted),
seeds stored in homes ruined causing food shortages and income loss; Cost of
damage $6.7 million (1/3 of economy); 1 million people into poverty and homeless
Short Term Responses: $126 million from Britain to provide emergency aid; UN
health agency & WHO distributed medical supplies to the worst affected areas since
monsoon arrived early increasing chances of waterborne diseases; Facebook set up
safety feature so people could indicate if the were safe and phone companies did
not charge.
Long Term Responses: Government and UN,EU carried out Post-disaster Needs
assessment. Roads were repaired and landslides cleared, Stricter building codes.
New Zealand 2011 (HIC)-
22nd February 2011, Destructive & Conservative plate margin, Shallow Focus-5km,
7.1 October, Epicentre close to Christchurch.
Primary Impacts: 181 people killed in total, over 2000 injured; cars and buses
crushed by falling debris.
Secondary Impacts: 10,000 houses to be rebuilt; Liquefication produced 400,000
tonnes of silt (liquidised land can not be built on)
Short Term Responses: New Zealand Red Cross launched appeal to raise funds to
help victims; Water supplies restored to 70% in a week; Electricity restored in 2
weeks.
Long Term Responses: Declared National state of emergency, lasted till 30th April;
Applied a four zone system to decide whether land could be built on.
Typhoon Haiyan
281.9mm rainfall in under 12 hours; waves over 7m in height; Winds reached 310
kph.
Social- 7000 people killed; 1.9 million left homeless; outbreaks of disease since lack
of sanitation etc.
Economic- cost £3.83 billion; 6 million workers lost sources of income; Major
products such as rice destroyed.
Amazon Rainforest
Largest Rainforest in world.
Reasons for loss biodiversity: commercial farming, small scale subsistence farming,
logging.
Economic Impacts: provides wealth for Brazil; 2008 $6.9 million made by cattle
grazing; Mining industry providing employment
Responses to deforestation: Selective logging, Ecotourism, Education, Replanting.
Mojave Desert
Opportunities: Tourism- generates income and jobs. Energy- provides enough to
power 140,000 homes. Mineral Extraction- gold and silver prices are constantly
rising, employment.
Challenges: Tourism- increases prices for population, water is scarce. Energy-
requires 11 miles of transmission lines and uses a lot of water of cooling. Mineral
extraction- high temperatures cause machinery to overheat.
Sahel
Causes of desertification in the Sahel: overcultivated, overgrazing, deforestation, climate
change, overpopulation.
Management Strategies: Afforestation (Great Green Wall 1km), Drip Irrigation (water
supplied at a low pressure to =a plants roots), Drought Resistant Crops (e.g sorghum)
survive during droughts and reduce soil erosion.
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