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Summary A Level Biology - The Eye & Photoreceptors Notes
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Detailed and comprehensive notes on the eye and photoreceptors (Edexcel biology A). [“A-Level Biology: Edexcel A Year 1 & 2 Complete Revision & Practice” (CGP, ISBN: 9781782942986), “Salters-Nuffield AS/A level Biology Student Book 1” (Pearson, ISBN: 9781447991007) and “Salters-Nuffield A...

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  • June 13, 2023
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  • 2021/2022
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The Pupil Reflex
8.2 ii) Understand how the pupil dilates and contracts.

Structure of The Eye




• Light enters the eye through the PUPIL.

• The muscles of the IRIS control the amount of light that enters the eye by the pupil reflex.
• The iris ensures there is sufficient light for visual perception but not too much that would damage the
retina.

• The CORNEA and LENS refract light, focusing it onto the retina to stimulate photoreceptors.

• The RETINA contains light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors – rods or cones.
o Rods are responsible for low light vision, mainly found in the peripheral parts of the retina.
o Cones are responsible for colour vision, mainly found packed together in the fovea.

• The FOVEA is the most sensitive part of the retina due to a high density of cones.
• It is located above the optic nerve.

• The BLIND SPOT is devoid of photoreceptors as it is where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

The Pupil Reflex
There are two sets of muscles in the iris – the radial
muscles and circular muscles:


Light Dark

Iris Closes Opens

Pupil
Constricted Dilated
Diameter
Radial
Relaxes Contracts
Muscles
Circular
Contracts Relaxes
Muscles

Reflex arcs work to minimise or protect from damage by bypassing communication with a conscious,
voluntary part of the brain.
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