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Paper 3 plans psychology aqa a level, Complete Verified Solution

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Paper 3 plans psychology aqa a level

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Paper 3 Plans Psychology Aqa A Level

Paper 3 plans psychology aqa a level PAPER 3 PLANS ISSUES AND DEBATES DISCUSS THE FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM DEBATE. REFER TO 2 TOPICS LEARNT AO1 FREE WILL: • HUMAN BEINGS are SELF- DTEREMINING- can CONTROL/ SHAPE our behaviours • Take responsibility for our actions- e.g. HUMANIST...

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Paper 3 plans psychology aqa a level
PAPER 3 PLANS

ISSUES AND DEBATES
DISCUSS THE FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM DEBATE. REFER TO 2 TOPICS LEARNT

AO1
FREE WILL:
 HUMAN BEINGS are SELF- DTEREMINING- can CONTROL/ SHAPE our behaviours
 Take responsibility for our actions- e.g. HUMANISTIC APPROACH- can bring change by
learning to deal with situations differently- when psychological barriers removed- work
towards SELF ACTUALISATION
 Belief in free will doesn’t deny there may be environmental/ biological forces exerting
influence on behaviour- we are able to RJEECT THESE FORCES as the masters of our own
destiny
 Inconsistent with aims of science: sciences based on CAUSAL EXPLANATIONS- free will
implies behaviours and thinking are non-determinist (sciences- aims to predict and control
behaviour)

DETERMINISM:
 Free will has no place in explaining behaviour- all human behaviour results from either
internal/ external forces not under our conscious control- all behaviour has CAUSE so can
be PREDICTED and CONTROLLED
 HARD- fatalism- all behaviour has a cause- free will ILLUSION- identify and describe these
causes- everything we do is dictated by external/ internal forces- CANNOT CONTROL
FORCES- compatible with SCIENCE- can be tested in experiment (IV MANIPULATIONS and
DV)
 SOFT- JAMES: important ft of COG APPROACH- some room for change in behaviour- we
have conscious control over how we behave- FREEDOM to make RATIONAL CHOICES
despite DETERMINING FOCRES- choice is limited by SCHEMA influenced by environment
through experience

BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHSYICAL DETERMINISM: (attached to stem)
 BIO DETERMINSIM- bio approach- mental health characteristics have genetic basis (e.g.
hormone testosterone in aggression)- many neurological/ physiological processes not
under conscious control – neurotransmitters, brain structure and hormone levels
controlled by genes
 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM- SKINNER: free will is an ILLUSION- all behaviour result of
CONDITIONING- REINFORCEMENT through life controls our choices- may think we are
acting INDEPENDENTLY but behaviour is shaped by ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS/ AGENTS OF
SOCIALISATION e.g. institutions, parents…
 PSYCHIC DTEREMINISM- FREUD: like skinner- free will is an ILLUSION- placed more
emphasis on psychic drives- determined by UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS REPRESSED in

, CHILDHOOD- fixations/ psychosexual stages- no such thing as an accident- even ‘SLIP OF
THE TONGUE’ is underlying conscious e.g. homosexuality- phallic stage fixation

THE SCIENTIFIC EMPHASIS ON CAUSAL EXPLANATAIONS:
 Every event in the universe has a CAUSE which can be explained by GENERAL LAWS
 If variable is changed you can measure the effect of change on that variable
 Knowledge of CAUSES and LAWS- help scientists PREDICT/ CONTROL events in future
 LAB EXPERIMENTS- enable researchers to simulate the conditions - removing all
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES in attempt to precisely CONTROL/ PREDICT human behaviour
 E.g. Harlow- research involved IV (wire mother with milk or cloth covered) and DV
(attachment formed)- demonstrated contact comfort not food DTEREMINED
ATTACHMENT- can assume attachment formed was determined by the wire mother or
cloth cover

AO3
 DETERMINSITIC: CONSISTENT WITH AIMS ON SCIENCE RS: IDEA human behaviour is
ORDERLY and OBEYS LAWS places psychology on equal footing with other more
established sciences e.g. bio- led to DRUG development controlling symptoms- e.g. anti-
psychotics- reduce symptoms of SCHITOPHRENIA blocking dopamine receptors on the PS
NEURON
BUT- DENNET- even in PHSYCIAL SCIENCES now widely accepted causal relationships are
PROBABILISTIC not DETERMINISTIC- e.g. genes only inc peoples predisposition to mental
illness- they are not the cause
 HD: INCOMPAITABLE WITH LEGAL SYSTEM OPERATION AR: ALLOWS individuals to excuse
their behaviour on the grounds of LESS REPSONSIBILITY- problem as CRIMINAL LEGAL
SYSTEM which advocates that only in EXTREME CASES e.g. diagnosis of mental illness or
self-defence can someone claim they were not acting under FREE WILL
- attempts in CRIMINAL CASES US- murderers claim behaviour was DETERMINED by
INHERITED AGGRESSIVE TENDENCIES to avoid the DEATH PENALTY- MOBLEY- KILLED PIZZA
SHOP MANAGER- claimed that he was BORN TO KILL- evidence from family violent history-
although argument REJECTED by court- UNDESRIABLE- excuses behaviour unfairly
 FREE WILL: FACE VALIDITY RS: everyday experience gives impression we are CONSTANTLY
exercising free will- everyone makes different choices everyday- INTERNAL LOCUS OF
CONTROL-high degree of influence over events and own behaviour- mentally healthier
than people with EXTERNAL LOC - ROBERTS- adolescents with a strong belief in fatalism-
significant greater risk of depression- ‘why try as all determined’- even if we don’t have
free will- fact we think we will has a POSITIVE IMPACT on mind/ behaviour
 FW: OPPOSED BY EVIDENCE AR: LIBET ET AL- MOTOR AREAS OF BRAIN- activated before
pps had a conscious awareness of their decision to move their finger- decision was a
PREDTERMINED ACTION
AND- CHUN SIONG SOON- pps displayed activity in their PRE- FRONTAL CORTEX up to 10
seconds before they were aware of their decision to act- suggests behaviour is PRE-
DETERMINED by neural activity in brain
BUT- OTHER RESEARCHERS conducted similar studies finding brain activity simply
indicated a READINESS TO ACT not an INETNTION to move- suggests neuroscience does
support the concept of FREE WILL

,DISCUSS THE IDEOGRAPHIC AND NOMOTHETIC APPROACH. REFER TO 2 TOPICS LEARNT

AO1
THE IDEOGRAPHIC APPROACH:
 Nature of the INDIVIDUAL
 Gains INSIGHT into persons UNIQUE way of entering the world
 EACH studied as UNIQUE ENTITIES- own subjective experience, motivations, values
 Produce QUALOTATIVE DATA (case studies, unstructured interviews, self- report methods)

THE NOMOTHETIC APPROACH:
 GENERAL LAWS of human behaviour
 People can be compared classified and measured
 Likely future behaviour is PREDICATBLE/ CONTROLLED
 Produce SCIENTIFIC measures which are used to compare to others (experiments)

IA EXAMPLES:
 HUMANISTIC APPROACH
 ROGERS/ MASLOW: measure the SELF- own CONSCIOUS EXPEIRNCES
 More concerned with UNIQUE experience than general laws
 PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
 FREUD: used case studies a lot to measure life of patients BUT ALSO USED NOMOTHETIC
METHODS (universal laws of behaviours/ personality development)

NA EXAMPLES:
 BEHAVIOURAL, SLT, COGNITIVE, BIOLOGICAL
 Approaches tend to be reductionist, deterministic and scientific
 Hypothesis formed with large group of people- controlled and generalised findings- looks
for statistical difference

AO3

 IA: COMPLETE AND GLOBAL AC OF INDIVIDUAL RS: DETAILED understanding of individual-
CHALLENGES GENERAL LAWS of NOMOTHETIC APPROACH- can use sicnetifc studies and
find further findings- e.g., HM- single case study generates HYPOTHESES for further study-
understanding of brain functioning can further be GENERALISED for our understanding-
best way to research- use BOTH approaches- THEY WORK TOGETHER and ideographic finds
further findings- each approach isn’t MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

,  IA: UNSCIENTIFIC AR: not scientifically EVIDENCE- BASED- any findings are MEANINGLESS-
e.g., FREUD- Oedipus complex developed from a single case study of LITTLE HANS- can’t
GENERALISE/ COMPARE without further examples- rely on SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION-
BIAS
BUT- scientific basis of ideographic research can be increased by reflexivity- AWARENESS
of researchers own observer bias- increases level of OBJECTIVITY
 NA: SCIENTIFIC RS: can establish NORMS of behaviour through STANDARDISED
CONDITIONS/ ANALYSIS (e.g., average IQ of 100)- scientific credibility
BUT- MILTON AND DAVIS- studies should start with NOMOTHETIC approach and once
LAWS are produced, they can focus on INDIVIDUALS- COMBINE APPROACHES to gain full
understanding
 NA: IGNORES INDIVIDUAL AR: ‘losing the whole person’ within psychology- e.g. predicting
a 1% lifetime risk of developing SCHIZOPHRENIA fails to tell us about what it’s like to
SUFFER with it
AND in lab tests of MEMORY- participants treated as a series of scores and their
SUBJECTIVE EXPEIRNCE is ignored- overlooks richness of human experience

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