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Summary A Level Chemistry- Aromatic Chemistry- Electrophilic Substitution £4.99
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Summary A Level Chemistry- Aromatic Chemistry- Electrophilic Substitution
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Master A Level Chemistry's aromatic chemistry with exam-style summary notes. Covers electrophilic substitution and essential Q&A. Boost understanding and confidence in aromatic compounds and reactions. Simplify revision and strengthen knowledge with concise notes

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  • June 16, 2023
  • 6
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

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Electrophilic Substitution
3.3.10.2:

Electrophilic attack on benzene rings results in substitution, limited to
monosubstitutions

Nitration is an important step in synthesis, including the manufacture of explosives
and formation of amines

Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions are also important steps in synthesis

Students should be able to outline the electrophilic substitution mechanisms of:

nitration, including the generation of the nitronium ion

acylation using AlCl3 as a catalyst



Why does benzene not undergo addition reactions?

it would involve breaking up the delocalised pi-system

Outline a basic eletrophilic substitution mechanism




Which ion is used in the nitration of benzene?

NO2+

it does not exist



Electrophilic Substitution 1

, you must show how it is generated

How is this NO2+ ion generated? (reagents & equations)

Reagents: Concentrated H2SO4 (acts as a catalyst ∴ reforms at the end) &
concentrated HNO3

this mixture is called NITRATING MIXTURE

H2SO4 + HNO3 → H2NO3+ + HSO4-

H2NO3+ → H2O + NO2+

Overall: H2SO4 + HNO3 → HSO4- + NO2+ + H2O

How is the H2SO4 catalyst regenerated in the nitration of benzene?

HSO4- + H+ → H2SO4

(H+ from benzene ring)

Draw a mechanism and write an overall equation for the nitration of benzene
(include the conditions)

conditions: below 55*C, H2SO4 catalyst

otherwise multiple NO2+ will attack benzene resulting in multi-substitutions




Electrophilic Substitution 2

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