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  5. Applied Science 2016 NQF
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Unit 20 - Learning Aim B Distinction Achieved
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All Criteria Achieved, Explains the use of analytical investigation in disease screening, Explains the use of analytical investigations of tissue samples', Explains the use of informatics and data handling in biomedical science, Analyses how the interpretation of diagnostic test results is use...

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  • June 21, 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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Unit 20: Biomedical Science
Learning Aim B: Examine the use of histology and cytology in medicine


P4 Explain the use of analytical investigation in disease screening

Screening investigation is done to detect potential health disorders or diseases in
people who does display any symptoms of the disease. This is important as it allows a
thorough look into the person’s health. The goal for disease screening is to get an early
detection to reduce the risk of disease and treat it as effectively as possible. Screening
investigation is not considered diagnostic, but it is used to determine the presence or
absence of disease. A screening investigation is helpful to detect potential problems,
and analyzing the screening can minimize any unclear or confusing results. Histologists
will use a specialized cutting tool called a microtome to slice large amounts of tissue
from the body and make it into extremely feel translucent slices for examination in
research. The thin sections of cells are dyed to enhance and see the contrast between
the various cellular components. Histology helps understand how normal tissue appears
and how they function, it helps confirm the presence of disease and teaches you how to
trace disease, as well as treat.

Examples of disease screening

Common based-screening programs include a few such as Pap smear (or liquid based
cytology), Colonoscopy, Mammography and Cancer screening.

Pap smear is a method cervical screening that is used to detect cancerous processes in
the cervix of women. Abnormal findings result in diagnostic procedures and if
warranted, interventions to prevent the progression of cervical cancer. It is performed
by opening the vagina with a speculum and collecting cells at the outer opening of the
cervix. The collected cells are then examined under a microscope for any abnormalities.
The test remains effective and is a widely used method for early detection of cancer.

A colonoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the large bowel and small bowel using a
CCD camera or a fiber optic camera which is a flexible tube passed through the anus. It

, can provide a visual diagnosis and grants medical professionals the opportunity to
detect colorectal cancer lesions. The polyps detected are removed and detected under
the microscope to check if they are precancerous or not.

A mammography is the process of using low energy x-rays to detect breast cancer. The
human breast is examined for diagnosis and screening. The early detection of breast
cancer is usually identified through characteristics or micro classifications micro
classifications The mammograms use doses of ionizing radiation to create images, and
these images are then analyzed for abnormal findings.

Cancer screening is a diagnostic tool used to detect cancer before symptoms appear.
This may involve blood tests, urine tests, or other tests. The benefits of cancer
screening are that early detection can prevent cancer and subsequent treatment can be
introduced.



P5 Explain the use of analytical investigations of tissue samples

Tissue sampling consists of taking cells from tissues and organs. The main types of
tissue sampling in cytology are exfoliating cytology and intervention cytology.

Exfoliative cytology is a branch of cytology where a pathologist takes the cells that have
either shed from your body or have been manually exfoliated off the body.

Examples of tissue sampling include a pap smear, which involves brushing off the cells
from your cervix using a swab, which is the most well-known type of exfoliative cytology.
Another form of cytology is taking off cells from the gastrointestinal tract, where a
healthcare provider will brush off cells from the lining of your gastrointestinal tract
during an endoscopy procedure. Another form of cytology is discharge of secretion
samples, where your body will disperse an abnormal amount of bodily fluid from places
such as your eyes, nipple or vagina, where your healthcare provider will then collect a
sample of this discharge for a cytology test.

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