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OCR Biology A level 5.1.1 Communication and homeostasis summary notes £2.99
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OCR Biology A level 5.1.1 Communication and homeostasis summary notes

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Summary notes for topic 5.1.1 Communication and homeostasis in the OCR Biology A level Module 5. Detailed electronic notes with diagrams.

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  • June 22, 2023
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5.1.1 Communication and Homeostasis
(a) the need for communication systems in multicellular organisms
Responding to change
Living things need to maintain a certain set of conditions inside their cells. Cellular activities rely on the action of
enzymes. Enzymes need a specific set of conditions to work correctly.
These include:
 temperature
 pH
 aqueous environment that keeps substrates and products in solution
 freedom from toxins and excess inhibitors

As cells undergo metabolic activities they use up substrates and produce products
 The products may be toxic
 They diffuse out into tissue fluid
Therefore, the activities of the cells alter their environment.
e.g Carbon dioxide
 Builds up changing the pH of the environment around cell
 Enzymes may denature

Co-ordination
A good communication system will:
 cover the whole body
 enable cells to communicate with each other
 enable specific communication
 enable rapid communication
 enable both short-term and long-term responses

(b) the communication between cells by cell signalling
One cell releases a chemical that is detected by another cell. The second cells will respond to the signal released by
the first cell.


(c) the principles of homeostasis

Homeostasis:
Maintenance of the internal environment in a constant state within set limits despite external changes.
Living organisms need to keep a number of conditions constant such as:
 Body temperature
o Low temperatures slow down metabolic reactions; high temperatures can cause proteins to
denature
 Blood glucose concentration
o A lack of it causes respiration to slow down or halt, as the cells now have no energy source
o Too much glucose in the tissue fluid can cause water to move out of cells by osmosis
 Blood salt concentration
 Water potential of the blood
o Lack of water in tissue fluid causes water to move out of cells by osmosis; causing metabolic
reactions in cells to slow down/stop
o Too much water in tissue fluid causes water to move into cells by osmosis; cell may swell/burst
 Blood pressure
 Carbon dioxide concentration
o Enters red blood cells and combines with water forming carbonic acid
o Dissociates to hydrogencarbonate and hydrogen ions
o Makes blood more acidic
o Haemoglobin absorbs the H+ ions to form haemoglobonic acid, causing it to lose oxygen molecules
they are carrying, reducing oxygen transport

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