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OCR Biology A level 6.3.1 Ecosystems summary notes £3.69   Add to cart

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OCR Biology A level 6.3.1 Ecosystems summary notes

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Summary notes of topic 6.3.1 Ecosystems of OCR Biology A level Module 6. Detailed electronic notes with diagrams.

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  • June 22, 2023
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o Labour intensive
o Special equipment
o Electricity costs
o Start up costs
 Process can fail due to microbial contamination
 Offspring susceptible to same pest/disease
 No/little genetic variation (narrow gene pool)

Cloning animals

 Somatic nucleus
 Fused with Nuclear transfer
 Empty egg cell
 From another animal
 Electrostimulation
 Cell/embryo then grown in vitro (test tube/petri dish)
 Early embryo split
 Embryos replaced in surrogate mothers

How supply obtained:
 Female animal superovulated
 Treated with hormone FSH
 Collect from ovary

Why is it necessary to treat the surrogate mother with hormones
 Ensure she is in correct phase of cycle
 Prepare uterus for implantation of embryo
 Increase thickness of uterus lining

Embryo splitting
Advantages
 All offspring inherit the gene
 Certain all will make particular produce
 Faster/more obtained in same time

Disadvantages
 No genetic variability
 Makes goats susceptible to environmental factors e.g
disease
 Cloned animals have short life spans
 Success rate very poor
 More expensive/needs more technology/labour intensive

For endangered species
 Increase rate of reproduction
 Does not require species eggs
 Does not require fertile female
 Does not require female for pregnancy/uses surrogate
 Female not put at risk in travel




6.3.1 Ecosystems
Define the term ecosystem;
 A relatively self contained unit

,  Interacting community of organisms and their environment
 Dynamic

Ecology:
 Study of the interactions between organisms and their environment

Habitat:
 The place where an organism lives

Population:
 Group of organisms of the same species
 Live in the same place at the same time
 Can interbreed

Community:
 All the organisms of different species
 Living in the same habitat
 That interact with each other

Ecological Niche:
 The role an organism plays in an ecosystem

 Their non-living elements change, their living elements grow and die
 Despite dramatic changes in individual elements, ecosystems can be resilient and stable

Biotic Factor
 A factor created by a living organism within an environment which affects the life of another organism
o Predation
o Parasitism
o Mutualism - two organisms of different species live in close association and benefit from the
relationship
o Interspecific competition - between species
o Intraspecific competition - within species

Abiotic Factor
 A non-living, chemical or physical component in the environment
o Light intensity
o Water supply
o Humidity
o Wind speed
o Temperature
o Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration
o pH of water and soil
o Availability of inorganic ions
o Forest fire

Trophic level
 An organisms feeding level/position in a food chain

Producer
 Organisms which provide total energy input in an ecosystem

Autotroph
 An organism that produces complex organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules using energy from
light

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