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Cell Signalling Summary - BHCS2004
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This document contains all the information needed for the cell signalling sections of the BHCS2004 module at University of Plymouth. This module is run by Simon Fox. All information in this document is obtained from the lecture notes and external reading.

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  • June 24, 2023
  • 20
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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Cell Signalling Cheat Sheet
3 Main Classes of Ionotropic Receptors

Ligand Receptor Ion Response
Glutamate NMDA Na+ Fast depolarisation
Glutamate KA Na+ Fast depolarisation
Glutamate AMPA Na+ and Slow depolarisation and
Ca+ activation of second
messengers




NMDA

 Magnesium blocks signalling and glycine modulates channel current
 Channel gating may be blocked by agonists like ketamine
 May be excitatory or inhibitory
 2nd messenger activated downstream signalling pathways and post
translational modification by effectors
 Calcium activates calmodium which activates effector proteins



Calcium

 Activates post translational signalling pathways

1. 1st messenger - Glutamate
2. Receptor - NDMA
3. 2nd messenger - Ca2+
4. Effector - CaM
5. Protein Kinase - CaMKII

 This pathway causes phosphorylation of membrane channels
 Channel gating may also result in prolonged changes like
transcriptional mediated changes



G- Protein Coupled Receptors

1. Cell produces signal
2. Binds to GCPR
3. G-protein (Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein) produces 2nd
messenger

, 4. Activated target protein
5. Transcription, Survival, Protein synthesis



GTPase Regulation

 When on - bound to GTP
 When off - bound to GDP




G-protein Family

 Composed of 3 subunits
 Bring receptors to effectors which catalyses 2nd messenger
o Or bring receptors directly to ion channels
 May be excitatory (N-epinephrine) or inhibitory (Ach)



Trimeric G-Proteins and GTP

1. G-protein inactivate - bound to GDP
2. Recruitment of 7TM - Gains GTP and loses GDP
3. Splits subunits
4. Hydrolyses GTP to GDP - terminating its own activity



G-proteins Couple to 3 Pathways

 Direct effector linked pathway
 Phospholipase C pathway
 Adenyl Cyclase pathway

, Direct Effector Linked Pathway

 Gby subunits directly to effector
 Parasympathetic

1. Ach binds to heart muscle
2. Muscanic Ach receptor
3. G-protein
4. Opens K+
5. Hyperpolarisation
6. Decreased contraction

 Motor Neuron

1. Ach binds to skeletal muscle
2. Nicotinic Ach receptor
3. Ion channel
4. Sodium and calcium flux
5. Depolarisation
6. Increased contraction

Adenyl Cyclase Pathway

 Adenyl Cyclase is an enzyme that catalyses cAMP from ATP
 Pathway

1. Norepinephrine
2. Beta adrenergic
3. G-protein
4. Adenyl Cyclase
5. cAMP
6. Protein kinase A
7. Increased phosphorylation of proteins
8. Increased cardiac contraction



Phospholipase C Pathway

 Phospholipase C is an effector enzyme activated by G-protein
 Pathway
1. Glu
2. mGlu
3. G-protein
4. Phospholipase C
5. Diacyldglycerol or IP3
6. Protein kinase C or Ca2+ release
7. Increased protein phosphorylation and calcium binding
proteins

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