Lecture notes

NHB (Neurobiology and Human Behaviour) Memory

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Module
Medicine (A100)

Institution
Cambridge University (CAM)

University of Cambridge (Medicine 1st class): Summary of key points of NHB (Neurobiology and Human Behaviour) Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory and Neurobiology of Memory lectures for 2nd year.

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Uploaded on June 29, 2023
Number of pages 7
Written in 2022/2023
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Jon simons, angela roberts
Contains All classes

nhb
cambridge
memory
neurobiology of memory
long term memory
short term memory
hippocampus
2023
medicine
neurobiology and human behaviour
cognitive neuroscience of memory
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NHB (Neurobiology and Human Behaviour) Lecture
Notes: Memory
Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
Memory is needed for learning

Measures of memory (these are all only correlates)
● Conscious (behaviour)
○ Objective:
◆ Accuracy of recall
◆ Reaction time of recall
○ Subjective
◆ Remember/know (do they remember/know)
◆ Confidence (how confident are they on that memory)
◆ Qualitative ratings (from a memory how much can you

remember of the sight, smell, sounds)
● Unconscious
○ Priming (will respond quicker (behaviour) even if you don’t think

you’ve seen word before)
○ Conditioning
○ Habits (riding bike (muscle memory))
● Psychophysiological
○ Skin galvanisation, HR
● Electrophysiological
○ ECG, EEG, EMG, MEG
● Haemodynamic
○ PET, SPECT, fMRI

Double dissociation
● Changing parameter A effects response A but not B
● Changing parameter B effects response B but not A
● So responses must be distinct

Stages
● Encoding information into memory
● Storage of information in memory
● Retrieval of information from memory

Early ideas of memory
● Primary memory (psychological present, consciousness, RAM) -> STM
● Secondary memory (psychological past, not in consciousness) -> LTM

Multi-store model
● Sensory store —(attention)—> STM —(rehearsal)—> LTM
○ Forgotten by decay, displacement, interference respectively
● Criticisms

, ○ Memory is not strictly serial, can have LTM without STM
◆ Patient KF: TPJ lesion, impaired STM (digit span) but not LTM

(primacy effect)
◆ fMRI also shows inferior frontal and parietal cortex activity

for STM
○ STM and LTM are not unitary and uniform
◆ Patient KF: worse STM for auditory stimuli (letters and digits)

than visual stimuli
◆ So possibly different STMs for different kinds of information,

like sensory stores

Sensory store, one for each modality
● Experiment: iconic store
○ Flash grid of letters for 50ms
○ People were only able to recall for ~1s
○ If prompted immediately (by light) to recall a row instead of the

whole grid, they had higher accuracy since they were able to recall
the fewer letters before the 1s ran out
● Experiment: echoic store
○ Dichotic listening
○ Only noticed messages in both ears were the same if played within

~2s of each other

STM
● Can hold 5-7 items
○ Enhanced by chunking and rehearsal (vocally or sub vocally)

(longer an item is held in STM by rehearsal, greater likelihood of
LTM storage)
● Often unreliable, distraction (interference) usually causes forgetting
● Experiments
○ Digit span
◆ Can recall 7±2 digits, in English (other languages take longer

to say digits)
◆ Same for letters and words, so its done by items (chunks) not

length
◆ People can choose to chunk things differently
○ List words
◆ Remember list of 20 words, rehearse out loud (so rehearsal

can be measured)
◆ Serial position curve of word position against accuracy
◆ Primacy effect from LTM due to rehearsal
◆ More rehearsal of word, higher accuracy of recall
◆ Recency effect from STM
◆ If you stop rehearsal after presentation for a while before

recall, it stops recency

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