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Test Bank - Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 10th Edition (Abbas, 2022), Chapter 1-21 | All Chapters

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Test Bank - Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 10th Edition (Abbas, 2022), Chapter 1-21 | All Chapters

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  • July 6, 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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  • 10th edition
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  • cellular and molecular immunology

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  • Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 10th Edition
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TEST BANK
Cellular and Molecular Immunology
Abul Abbas, Andrew Lichtman, and Shiv Pillai
10th Edition Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Properties and Overview of Immune Responses 1
Chapter 02 Cells and Tissues of the Immune System 3
Chapter 03 Leukocyte Circulation and Migration Into Tissues 6
Chapter 04 Innate Immunity 10
Chapter 05 Antibodies and Antigens 17
Chapter 06 Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes and the Functions of Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules 20
Chapter 07 Immune Receptors and Signal Transduction 27
Chapter 08 Lymphocyte Development and Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangement 30
Chapter 09 Activation of T Lymphocytes 34
Chapter 10 Differentiation and Functions of CD4+ Effector T Cells 38
Chapter 11 Differentiation and Functions of CD8+ Effector T Cells 42
Chapter 12 B Cell Activation and Antibody Production 46
Chapter 13 Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity 52
Chapter 14 Specialized Immunity at Epithelial Barriers and in Immune Privileged Tissues 56
Chapter 15 Immunologic Tolerance and Autoimmunity 62
Chapter 16 Immunity to Microbes 67
Chapter 17 Transplantation Immunology 72
Chapter 18 Tumor Immunology 77
Chapter 19 Hypersensitivity Disorders 81
Chapter 20 Allergy 86
Chapter 21 Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiencies 89 WWW.TBSM.WSChapter 01: Properties and Overview of Immune Respo nses Abbas, Lichtman, and Pillai: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 10th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The principal function of the immune system is: a. Defense against cancer b. Repair of injured tissues c. Defense against microbial infections d. Prevention of inflammatory diseases e. Protection against environmental toxins ANS: C The immune system has evolved in the setting of sel ective pressures imposed by microbial infections. Although immune responses to cancer may occur, the concept that “immunosurveillance” against cancer is a principal function of the immune system is controversial. Repair of injured tissues may be a s econdary consequence of the immune responses and inflammation. Although the immune sys tem has regulatory features that are needed to prevent excessive inflammation, preventio n of inflammatory diseases is not a primary function. The immune system can protect aga inst microbial toxins, but it generally does not offer protection against toxins of nonbiol ogic origin. 2. Which of the following infectious diseases was prevented by the first successful vaccination? a. Polio b. Tuberculosis c. Smallpox d. Tetanus e. Rubella ANS: C In 1798, Edward Jenner reported the first intention al successful vaccination, which was against smallpox in a boy, using material from the cowpox pustules of a milkmaid. In 1980, smallpox was reported to be eradicated worldwide by a vaccination program. Effective vaccines against tetanus toxin, rubella virus, and poliovirus were developed in the 20th century and are widely used. There is no effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 3. Which of the following is a unique property of the adaptive immune system? a. Highly diverse repertoire of specificities for anti gens b. Self-nonself discrimination c. Recognition of microbial structures by both cell -associated and soluble receptors d. Protection against viral infections e. Responses that have the same kinetics and magnit ude on repeated exposure to the same microbe ANS: A ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________ WWW.TBSM.WSHighly diverse repertoires of specificities for ant igens are found only in T and B lymphocytes, which are the central cellular compone nts of the adaptive immune system. Both the innate and the adaptive immune systems use cell-associated and soluble receptors to recognize microbes, display some degree of self- nonself discrimination, and protect against viruses. On repeated exposure to the same m icrobe, the adaptive immune response becomes more rapid and of greater magnitude; this i s the manifestation of memory. 4. Antibodies and T lymphocytes are the respective mediators of which two types of immunity? a. Innate and adaptive b. Passive and active c. Specific and nonspecific d. Humoral and cell -mediated e. Adult and neonatal ANS: D Both B and T lymphocytes are principal components o f adaptive immunity. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are the recognition and e ffector molecules of humoral immune responses to extracellular pathogens. T cells recog nize and promote eradication of intracellular pathogens in cell-mediated immunity. Passive and active immunity both can be mediated by either B or T lymphocytes. Specific immunity is another term for adaptive immunity. Both B and T lymphocytes participate in a dult adaptive immunity but are still developing in the neonatal period. 5. The two major functional classes of effector T lymphocytes are: a. Helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes b. Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes c. Memory T cells and effector T cells d. Helper cells and antigen -presenting cells e. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and target cells ANS: A T cells can be classified into effector subsets tha t perform different effector functions. Most effector T cells are either helper T lymphocytes, w hich enhance the responses of other immune cells, including phagocytes and B cells, to infections, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which directly kill infected cells. Natural killer cells are not T lymphocytes. Antigen-presenting cells usually are not T cells. M emory T cells are not effector T cells. 6. Which of the following cell types is required f or all adaptive humoral immune responses? a. Natural killer cells b. Dendritic cells c. Cytolytic T lymphocytes d. B lymphocytes e. Helper T lymphocytes ANS: D Humoral immune responses are antibody-mediated immu ne responses, and all antibodies are made by B lymphocytes and no other cell type. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________ WWW.TBSM.WSChapter 02: Cells and Tissues of the Immune System Abbas, Lichtman, and Pillai: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 10th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the generative (prima ry) lymphoid organ for T lymphocytes? a. Bone marrow b. Spleen c. Lymph node d. Thymus e. Tonsil ANS: D Generative (primary) lymphoid organs are the organs where lymphocytes first express antigen receptors and attain functional maturity. A lthough T cell precursors arise in the bone marrow, these precursors migrate to the thymus, whe re maturation takes place. In contrast, B cells mature in the bone marrow. Spleen, lymph no de, and tonsil are secondary lymphoid organs populated by mature B and T cells. 2. Which of the following statements about tissue- resident macrophages is correct? a. They are all derived from blood monocytes that ente r tissues during infections b. Many of these cells first populate tissues during f etal development c. They differentiate fr om different kinds of epithelial cells in each tiss ue d. They constantly recirculate between different tissu es e. They are professional antigen-presenting cells t hat activate naive T cells that migrate into tissues ANS: B Many tissue-resident macrophages are derived from f etal yolk sac and fetal liver precursors and establish residence in the different tissues du ring fetal development. Other tissue- resident macrophages are derived from bone marrow–d erived blood monocytes that enter tissues under normal conditions or during infection s. Epithelial cells do not differentiate into macrophages. Once in the tissue, tissue-resident ma crophages cells do not leave to recirculate. Naive T cells do not usually enter non -lymphoid tissues, and tissue-resident macrophages have no role in presenting antigen to n aive T cells. 3. Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant in the blood of a healthy adult? a. Monocytes b. B lymphocytes c. T lymphocytes d. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes e. Basophils ANS: D Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (or neutrophils) are t he most abundant blood leukocyte (~ 4,000/mm3), about twice the number of B and T lymphocytes co mbined. 4. Which of the following is a feature of fibrobla stic reticular cells (FRCs)? a. They line the lumens of lymphatics entering lymph n odes ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________ WWW.TBSM.WSb. They are derived from hematopoietic precursors c. They play a critical role in establishing where lymphocytes are located in lymph nodes d. They secrete cytokines that stimulate T cell prolif eration e. They are phagocytic cells of innate immunity that k ill microbes ANS: C FRCs are mesenchymal-derived (not haematopoieticall y-derived) cells with properties of muscle and fibroblast (myofibroblasts) that drive f ormation of secondary lymphoid organs during embryonic development and contribute to the anatomic segregation and movement of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in secondary lympho id organs. They are not phagocytic, have no direct antimicrobial effector functions, do not secrete IL-2 or other T cell growth factors, and do not line lumens of lymphatics. 5. Which type of cell is most important in capturi ng protein antigens of microbes that enter through epithelial barriers and presenting them to naive T cells in secondary lymphoid organs? a. Classical dendritic cells b. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells c. Plasma cells d. Macrophages e. Follicular dendritic cells ANS: A Classical (or conventional) dendritic cells (DCs) a re the main cell type that brings microbial antigens from infected tissues into draining lymph nodes and presents peptides derived from these antigens to naive T cells that circulate thou gh the lymph nodes. Plasmacytoid DCs secrete type 1 interferons in response to viral inf ection. Plasma cells are antibody-secreting cells derived from B cells and do not present antig en to T cells. Macrophages can present antigen to effector T cells, but they are not effic ient activators of naive T cells. Follicular dendritic cells display antigens to B cells on lymp hoid follicles. MATCHING Questions 6-10 Match each of the descriptions in questions 6-10 wi th the appropriate name (A-M) of an anatomic feature of lymphoid tissues. A. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath B. Thymic medulla C. Thymic cortex D. Parafollicular cortex of lymph node E. Hematopoietic bone marrow F. Afferent lymphatic G. Efferent lymphatic H. Marginal zone I. Red pulp of spleen J. White pulp of spleen ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________ WWW.TBSM.WSK. Epidermis L. Dermis M. Peyer’s patch 6. Location of most T lymphocytes in the spleen ANS: A The periarteriolar lymphoid sheath surrounds the ce ntral arteries in the spleen and is the T cell zone in this organ. 7. Vessels that drain lymph away from a lymph node ANS: G Efferent lymphatic vessels drain lymph away from ly mph nodes; afferent vessels drain lymph into lymph nodes. 8. Site of least mature T cell precursors in the t hymus ANS: C Bone marrow–derived T cell precursors first enter t he thymic cortex and migrate into the medulla as they become more mature. 9. Location of Langerhans cells ANS: K Langerhans cells are dendritic cells in the epiderm is of the skin that develop from fetal macrophages. 10. Lymphoid aggregate of the mucosal immune syste m ANS: M Peyer’s patches are B cell–rich lymphoid aggregates located in the submucosa of the small intestine. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________ WWW.TBSM.WSChapter 03: Leukocyte Circulation and Migration Int o Tissues Abbas, Lichtman, and Pillai: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 10th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In naive T cell recirculation, entry of the cel ls into lymph nodes occurs through which specialized vessel? a. Efferent lymphatic b. Thoracic duct c. Central artery d. High endothelial venule e. Sinusoid ANS: D The high endothelial venule is a specialized vessel in the lymph node paracortex that expresses adhesion molecules that mediate the bindi ng and transmigration of naive T cells into lymph node tissue. The efferent lymphatic is a route of exit of T cells from the lymph node. The thoracic duct is a major site of drainage of lymph back into the blood circulation. A central artery is a vessel in the spleen around w hich are T cell lymphoid aggregates (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath). Sinusoids are blo od channels in the spleen lined by fenestrated endothelium and phagocytic cells. 2. Which of the following binds to the integrin VL A-4, promoting T cell recruitment into inflammatory sites? a. B7-1, B7 -2 b. Class II MHC c. LFA -3 d. VCAM -1 e. Sialylated Lewis X ANS: D VLA-4, an integrin expressed on T cells, binds to V CAM-1, an Ig superfamily member expressed on activated endothelium. VLA-4–VCAM-1 in teractions promote T cell recruitment into inflammatory sites. 3. Which of the following is expressed on the surf ace leukocytes and mediates their rolling on venular endothelial cells? a. CCR7 b. B7-1 c. LFA -3 d. VCAM -1 e. Sialylated Lewis X ANS: E Sialylated Lewis X is a carbohydrate structure on g lycoprotein ligands of selectins expressed by endothelial cells (E-selectin and P-se lectin) or leukocytes (L-selectin). Selectin binding to sialylated Lewis X structures mediates l eukocyte rolling interactions with activated endothelium. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________ WWW.TBSM.WSMATCHING Questions 4-8 For each description of a molecule involved in lymp hocyte migration in questions 4-8, choose the lettered description (A-I) that most clo sely matches it. A. Peripheral lymph node addressin B. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) C. Integrin 41( (VLA-4) D. E-selectin E. P-selectin ligand F. CCR7 G. CXCR5 H. MadCAM-1 I. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) 4. This molecule binds chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and is involved in naive T cell migration into interfollicular zones of lymph nodes ANS: F CCL19 and CCL21 are the chemokines that bind to CCR 7 on naive T lymphocytes and dendritic cells and direct their migration into lym ph nodes. 5. The expression of this molecule is induced on e ndothelial cells in inflamed tissues, and it mediates rolling of T cells along the endothelial s urface ANS: D E-selectin expression is induced on endothelial cel ls by cytokines and microbial products, and it mediates rolling interactions of T cells and other leukocytes. 6. This molecule is expressed on activated endothe lium, is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and binds to 1 integrins on activated T cells ANS: B Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endot helial cells binds to the integrin LFA-1 on activated T cells. 7. This vascular addressin binds to integrins on T cells and mediates their homing to intestinal mucosa ANS: H ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________ WWW.TBSM.WS MadCAM-1 is expressed on vessels in the intestine a nd binds to 41 integrins on gut- homing T cells. 8. This receptor is expressed on naive B cells and promotes their migration into lymph node follicles ANS: G CXCR5 is a chemokine receptor on naive B cells that binds chemokines made in lymphoid follicles. Questions 9-14 For each of the following descriptions (questions 9 -14) of a chemokine or chemokine receptor, select the chemokine or chemokine recepto r (A-G) that most closely matches it. A. CXCL8 (IL-8) B. CXCL10 (IP-10) C. CCL19 (ELC) D. CCL11 (Eotaxin) E. CCR5 F. CXCR1 G. CXCL13 9. Mediates neutrophil recruitment into tissues ANS: A Interleukin-8, a CXC family chemokine, is one of th e major chemokines that attracts neutrophils into tissues. Neutrophils respond to se veral other CXC chemokines but not CC chemokines. 10. Binds to interleukin-8 ANS: F CXCR1, the only CXCR family receptor listed, binds interleukin-8, a CXC family chemokine. 11. Binds chemokines important in T cell recruitme nt into peripheral inflammatory sites ANS: E ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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