100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Medicine second year Neurology notes £15.39
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. University Of Leicester (LE)
  4.  
  5. Neurology

Lecture notes

Medicine second year Neurology notes
 0 purchase

1st decile student. 44 pages of cranial nerves and neurology notes. These notes are easy to understand, has the right amount of detail, with a good layout. They also contain flow charts, labelled diagrams, tables. Topics include: brainstem, cranial nerves, sensory and motor pathways, trigeminal n...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 44  pages

Document information

  • August 25, 2023
  • 44
  • 2023/2024
  • Lecture notes
  • Nadia
  • All classes

Subjects

Written for

All documents for this subject (1)

Seller

avatar-seller
Anneka

Content preview

Brainstem –
The brainstem is the oldest/smallest region in the evolving brain (Often known as the `Reptilian Brain` - as it’s the major
part of present-day reptiles) – Helps in control of vegetative processes (E.g., Breathing/Heart rate/Autonomic brain +
Alertness) – Mainly concerned with fundamental needs (E.g., Survival, Physical maintenance, Dominance, Mating)

The brain then developed the neocortex in order to develop sophisticated reasoning and linguistic development

Brainstem Pathology –

Lateral Medullary Syndrome –

Thrombosis of the Vertebral/Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery causing ischaemia

Symptoms – Dizziness, Vomiting, Nystagmus (Vestibular Nuclei) Ataxic limbs ipsilaterally (Impaired coordination), Dysphagia
and Dysarthria

Medial Medullary Syndrome –

Thrombosis of the Medial Medullary branches of Vertebral artery or the Anterior Spinal artery which affects the pyramids,
Medial Lemniscus, and hypoglossal nerve

Symptoms – Contralateral hemiparesis, Ipsilateral lingual paralysis, Contralateral impaired Proprioception/Vibration/Touch

Locked-in Syndrome –

Bilateral damage of the medulla as a result of trauma to the Basilar artery occlusion or aneurysm rupture

Ondine`s Curse –

A syndrome of central hypoventilation caused by a lesion in medulla/trauma to cervical spine which impairs breathing so
the patient must consciously breathe

Treatment – Tracheostomy and/or mechanical ventilation

Benedikt`s Syndrome –

Involves the occlusion of the Basilar artery branches to the CN III nucleus in the midbrain which causes Complete/Partial CN
III nerve palsy and damage to the Red Nucleus leads to a contralateral tremor

Millard-Gubler Syndrome –

Involves the occlusion of the branches of Basilar artery to the Pons affecting the CN VI, VII (Abducens/Facial), Medial
Lemniscus (Control of vibration/touch/proprioception/two-point discrimination) and pyramids

Symptoms – Ipsilateral Abducens/Facial nerve palsy, Contralateral sensory deficit and Contralateral Hemiparesis/plegia

Duret Haemorrhage –

Small lineal areas of bleeding in the midbrain/upper pons due to traumatic downward displacement, 2ndary to raised
Intracranial pressure with formation of Transtentorail pressure cone involving the Cerebral Crura

Symptoms – Paralysis, Aphasic (Inability to comprehend/formulate language) but may preserve some eye/facial movement

,Brainstem Anatomy –

,Midbrain Summary –

Located between the diencephalon and Pons and is the pathways for tracts running between and higher/lower neural
centres

Has two bulging cerebral peduncles on ventral side containing descending fibres from the cerebellum (Descending
Pyramidal Tracts) whilst the Cerebral aqueduct runs through connecting the 3rd/4th Ventricles, above the Cerebral aqueduct
is the colliculi (Sup. – Controls movement in response to vision, Inf. – Controls movement in response to sound)

Pons Summary –

Located between the Midbrain and the Medulla and contains the nuclei of the Cranial Nerves V, VI, VII and VIII as well as
the Respiratory nuclei (Apneustic/Pneumotaxic centres – work with medulla to maintain respiratory rhythm)

Contains the tracts to and from the Cerebellum and forms the floor of the 4th ventricle

Medulla (Oblongata) Summary –

The most inferior part of the brainstem and becomes continuous with the Spinal Cord at the Foramen Magnum. Ventrally
has two ridges (Pyramids) which are formed by the Cerebrospinal Tracts

Has various nuclei –

• Autonomic – Cardiovascular centres (alters rate/force of contraction/vascular tone)
• Respiratory Rhythmicity Centres – Has inputs from the Pons
• Chemoreceptor trigger Zone – Emesis centre, Cough (Vagal), Sneeze, Swallow and hiccup
• CN nuclei IX, X, XI, and XII
• Nucleus gracilis
• Nucleus cuneatus
• Olivary nuclei (Sup. /Inf.)

Cranial Nerve Lesions and Symptoms –

Cranial Nerve III – Oculomotor –

Complete ptosis (drooping of eyelids), Pupillary reflex, Diplopia (Seeing double), Divergent squint, SR/IR/IO/MR Paralysis

Cranial Nerve IV – Trochlear –

Superior oblique paralysis in contralateral eye, Diplopia when looking down

Cranial Nerve V – Trigeminal (Mainly affects the Facial area)–

Motor – Loss of proprioception in Face, Mandible and Teeth (Medial Lemniscus Tract)

Sensory – Loss of Pain, Temperature and crude touch of face and nociceptive sensation from CN VII, X and XI
(Spinothalamic Tract)

Main Nuclei – Loss of light touch on Face (Medial Lemniscus Tract)

Cranial Nerve VI – Abducens –

Lateral rectus paralysis, Convergent squint, Diplopia when looking towards side of lesion

Cranial Nerve XII – Hypoglossal –

Flaccid Hemi-paralysis of tongue and deviates to affected side when protruded

, Overview of Nuclei –
• Edinger-Westphal Nucleus – Parasympathetic function
• CN V nucleus – Branchiomotor (Trigeminal nerve + Red
nuclei)
• CN VII nucleus – Branchiomotor (Facial nerve)
• Salivatory Nuclei (Inf. /Sup.) – Parasympathetic function
(Facial nerve)
• CN VIII – Somatic sensory
• Nucleus Ambiguus – Branchiomotor
• Nucleus Solitarius – Visceral sensory and CN VII (Facial nerve,
IX (Glossopharyngeal) and X (Vagus)
• Dorsal motor nucleus of Vagus – Parasympathetic function

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Anneka. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for £15.39. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

69484 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 15 years now

Start selling

Recently viewed by you

Exam (elaborations) ·

(1)

ABCTE - PTK Exam With Latest Solutions

Exam (elaborations) ·

(0)

NURSE 200W critical care HESI final.
£15.39
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added