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(for compare & contrast Q –
5 approaches)
, Biological Behaviourist Psychodynamic Cognitive Positive
Nature/Nurture Nature Nurture Nature and Nurture Nature and Nurture Nature and Nurture
Innate, genetic -Neurotransmitters - -conditioning: Operant & nature - id is innate, nature – internal mental Nature - Signature strengths
predisposition VS genetic predisposition Classical predisposition of our personality processes are inherited are inherited
interaction with the - MAOA warrior gene - tabula rasa
environment & & IQ -Watson (1913): any infant nurture - childhood experiences nurture – schema Nurture –develop signature
experience/learning can be trained into develop superego & shape Behaviour can be changed strengths further in life
'specialists' or 'beggars' personality – fixation/ through CBT
life experiences overindulgence in psychosexual
cannot be ignored: stages
childhood experience
and depression,
education, culture
Nomothetic/ Nomothetic Nomothetic Idiographic Nomothetic Idiographic
Idiographic -Medication used to Lab findings on animals -Dreams, Fixations and Internal mental processes ALL Experience of flow is different
General laws of target ALL patients generalised to humans: childhood experiences are individual for each individual
behaviour for with certain -Pavlov-> SD (Systematic unique functions the same way Nomothetic
treatment VS psychological disorder: desensitisation) - based on case studies SWB (social wellbeing) score
individual -Medical model -Skinner -> Token economy -qualitative data -elements of nature such as
case/differences social & cultural factors are
ignored
individual differences lack generalisability : not providing a full explanation
in neglected
Usefulness Useful Useful Useful Useful Useful
Real life application Viguera et al (2000): -Systematic Desensitisation Psychoanalysis has been - treat disorders: depression & - US army followed a
with successful lithium to treat bipolar (SD) – phobias: developed which has resulted in anxiety campaign to improve different
treatments disorder leads to 60% counterconditioning dream therapy. -evidence based aspects of resilience & try to
of improvement in (reciprocal inhibition) reduce the incidence of stress
patients -Loftus & Palmer(1974): aided symptoms PTSD & suicide
-Token economy in not on the NHS and can be the legal system as it helps with
prison/psychiatric hospital: expensive. Can also induce EWT , no leading questions in - Education - growing number
encourage desired behaviour false memories police interrogation for schools are embracing
with tokens PPC, which involved activities
to increase overall wellbeing
throughout the development of
positive cognitions
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