Unit 14 P1 P2 P3 M1 Physiological disorders, their nature, signs and symptoms Megan Scully
P1: Explain the nature of two named physiological disorders
Cancer
In the United Kingdom, the most common forms of cancer are;
breast cancer
lung cancer
prostate cancer
bowel cancer
It is known that some things, such as radiation (involving radiation from the sun), can produce
cancer-modifications in cells. Some influencing factors that are known are; specific chemicals,
viruses (e.g. human papillomavirus – HPV) and genetics, however the exact origins are still being
investigated. Cancer begins when a typical cell is prompted to modify its genetic code (DNA) in a
method that causes it to withdraw. Subsequently all the cells that subside from the cell have
modified the DNA and formed an anomalous cluster of tissue. Ultimately, this cluster develops its
own individual characteristics. The cancerous tumour attains portions, approximated into the
‘parenchyma’ and ‘stroma’. These are identical tissue styles that compose most organs within the
body. The stoma, being the section of the organ that is designated the responsibility of supporting
structure and involves lymphatic vessels, connective tissue and blood supply. The parenchyma, is the
section of the organ that continues the biochemical labour of the organ, be it spleen, liver or
stomach. In the instance of a tumour, the performance of the organ is producing more cancerous
(neoplastic) cells, and annexing contiguous tissues. It additionally continues with some of the
functions of the maternal organ, and although the cells are mutated they are still recognizably from
that organ. Malignant tumours are dissimilar to normal tissue as; malignant tumours produce
quicker than they perish and less exposed to the managements of typical cells. There are numerous
places within the cell progression where this can transpire; essentially they can reproduce quicker,
age gradually and not perish as quickly. Although it is a conventional opinion it is not technically
accurate to state that cancers grow uncontrollably. A majority of tumours grow much slower than
typical tissues. Malignant tumours annex typical tissue, ultimately compromising the role of the
organ in which they originate. This may occur gradually or rapidly, dependent upon the belligerence
of the tumour. Malignant tumours metastasize – cells journey through lymph, body cavities or blood
to secluded locations within the body. A majority of these cells perish, but several may begin
reproduction to form new tumours. Regardless of where the metastasis is, it preserves the qualities
of the original tumour. Malignant tumours are genetically anomalous and unbalanced. These cells
have a tendency to have great nuclei with additional chromosomes, producing more modifications
over a period of time. Malignant tumours are less organised than the organs they materialise within.
The structural design of a tumour is considerably less specialised and the cells will not perform
coherently together unlike typical organs. Malignant tumours contribute nothing to the functionality
of the body whereas typical organs do.
Motor neurone disease
Motor neurone disease (MND), transpires when motor neurones (specialist nerve cells) within the
spinal cord and brain gradually lose their purpose. It is currently unknown why this occurs. In a
majority of cases, an individual with MND will not have a family history of the disorder. This form of
MND is referred to as sporadic MND. Scholars believe that the source of MND is likely a sequence of
steps including a combination of environmental and destructive genetic factors. As individuals age,
the capability of controlling this damage may gradually decline, prompting irreparable
neurodegeneration. Around 5% of individuals with MND have intimate family relations with an
individual with the disorder or an associated disorder referred to as frontotemporal dementia. This
is referred to as familial MND. Which has the possibility of being hereditary or connected to an issue
with genes that may induce problems at a younger age. It is currently unknown why the motor
neurones start to decrease in functionality. Most professionals believe it is due to a mixture of
