Exam (elaborations)
Essay Plans - Political ideas
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- Political Ideologies
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- AQA
9 markers & 25 markers essay plans for topics listed in AQA Government and Politics A-level Paper 3
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Socialism – RevisionExplain and analyze 3 socialist views about property/collectivism. (9)
P – collectivism thwarted by capitalism.
Ex – collectivism did exist, fraternal primitive commie societies, corrupted, solution is rev socialism.
Ev – Marx, capitalism alienated, property is too precious for bourgeoisie, only way out is revolution.
An – capitalism unstable, but in advanced cap societies, WC no revolution, but create poverty.
P – fraternity and altruism still flourish enabling collectivism.
Ex – optimistic take, fraternity WC communities, and private property not a universal feature.
Ev – Reform, or Rev? Luxemburg, miners’ strikes coming together, South American tribe’s primitive.
An – work ignored nowadays, but for fundamental socialists, Luxemburg compelling.
P – harsh world of capitalism has been reformed.
Ex – economist Keynes, advanced societies, permanent change, less polarization.
Ev – Crosland, comprehensive system breaks class divisions, socialism mixed economy.
An – paternalistic, but lab increased public spending & equality, but MC not expanding, Fundy soc.
Explain and analyze 3 socialist ideals around support for redistribution. (9)
P – Marx & Engels support redistribution.
Ex – certain state to distribute, engineering society they prescribe, fraternity, social, and equality.
Ev – Marx, all property common, run by dictatorship, strong belief in state for a fair society.
An – in ST impossible to do w/o the state, states eventually wither away, redistribution happened.
P – democratic socialists.
Ex – reject revolutionary Marx, promote state intervention and high levels welfare.
Ev – Webb’s minority report, goes through same ideas as Beveridge, education, living wage, NHS.
An – key fundamental difference in Webb from Marx, evolutionary > revolutionary forms.
P – social democrats.
Ex – progressive tax, high levels of spending used to fairly distribute rewards, status, and privileges.
Ev – Crosland emphasized comprehensives for all, breaks down barriers, equality of opportunity.
An – minimize social resentment, equal opportunities & secure social justice, social equality x 3 rd.
Explain and analyze 3 socialist views around revolution/reformist. (9)
P – revolutionary socialism.
Ex – rev from below, few never willingly surrender, class-based, force to defeat violent counter.
Ev – Marx & Engels, dictatorship of proletariat, abolished private ownership w/ common ownership.
An – abolition of all classes, in turn to end of history, communism state withers away, Luxemburg.
, Socialism – Revision
P – evolutionary socialism.
Ex – parliamentary road to socialism, parliament > class struggles is the motor for change.
Ev – Luxemburg, replacement state preserves free speech, demo, common, debate & elections.
An – in some ways, like Marx as it is international in scope, KPD party Germany, differ in how rev.
P – democratic socialism.
Ex – inevitability of gradualism, political demo common ownership of means of production.
Ev – Webb, universal suffrage, existing state thru edu, piecemeal reforms in legal/peaceful way.
An – sig in displaying socialism emerging, WC rev not needed, would be disagreed w/ by Luxemburg.
P – the third way approach.
Ex – make existing state better, Webb + Crosland further, neo-liberalism stays, no overthrow cap.
Ev – Giddens, Beyond Left & Right, combo, grater decentralization, state step in when cap limits.
An – acknowledges neo-lib needs to be married to ideas of community & equality of opps, via devo.
Explain and analyze 3 socialist ideals around equality. (9)
P – social democrats’ equality as desirable.
Ex – mixed economy, capitalism can be humanized or civilised, help equality within society.
Ev – Crosland, comprehensive for all, break down barriers between classes.
An – this is like Giddens, but Giddens neo-liberal, with the current form of capitalism being modified.
P – revolutionary socialists & equality in ownership.
Ex – equality on common ownership & planned economy, unlike parli and evo, equality of outcome.
Ev – Marx & Engels, dictatorship of the proletariat, x private ownership, replace w/ common.
An – abolition of all classes, promote equality for everyone, Luxemburg but equality via mass strike.
P – democratic socialists & equality of outcome.
Ex – democratic socialists support for the state distributing resources egalitarian manner > SD.
Ev – Webb, Minority Report, national minimum of civilised life, foundation stone for welfare state L.
An – differs to Marx, inevitability of gradualism, piecemeal social and political reform by the state.
Explain and analyze 3 socialist ideals around human nature. (9)
P – Marx & Engels view on human nature.
Ex – human essence is ensemble of social relations; only consistent feature is need to labour.
Ev – Marx & Engels, cap labour into forced labour to create profit > needs, alienates worker.
An – common ownership, conditions for coop, fraternity & solidarity, e.g., Ppl’s Republic of China.
P – Luxemburg’s optimistic view.
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