Lecture notes

Lecture notes: Cell And Molecular Biology

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Module
Cell And Molecular Biology

Institution
Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)

If you're in your first year studying biosciences, phyisology, sport science, biomedical science or any other life science - this detailed set of documents covers lecture notes all within the Cell and Molecular Biolody modules of these degree pathways. Notes contain step by step processes, flowc...

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Uploaded on September 5, 2023
Number of pages 5
Written in 2019/2020
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) (range of lecturers)
Contains All notes apart from 3 weeks worth of lectures before christmas holidays

biology
university
biology notes
bioscience
physiology
biomedical science
science
life science
fresher
first year notes
cell biology
mitochondria
exercise
endomembrane
cell membrane
enzymes
genes
inhi

Stem cells 4/11/19
Stem cell = relatively unspecialized that can produce 2 identical daughter cells by a single division

- Also can produce 2 more specialized daughter cells – which can be differentiated
further/one cell of each type

Every organ has ‘niche’ of stem cells for several for regeneration of cells. Stem cells = bodies’ natural
repair mech.

Potency = ability of a cell to differentiate into other types

Stem cells can be self-renewed or differentiated

- Stem cell divides (renews) into 2 same stem cells (symmetrical cell division) – daughter cells
= identical to parental call – same potency for self-renewal

If the body need more of a specific cell (e.g. – cardiac/liver/neural) – 2 ways this occurs:

- Asymmetric cell division – One daughter cell = same as parental cell, other = committed cell
– (cardiac/liver/neural etc.)
- Symmetric SC commitment – Stem cell commits to specified cells during cell division – lose
stem cell

Embryo = first stem cell in development

- Body = formed from single cell (oocyte – immature egg cell) – via cell division, differentiation,
migration and apoptosis.

Morula = made of identical cells

3 germ layers:

- Ectoderm = neural cells
- Mesoderm = cardiac cells
- Endoderm = lungs, liver

Human embryos for research are from donated blastocytes (Human embryotic stem cells = hES)

- Inner mass cells = separated from rest of blastocyte
- Placed on feeder cells – grows embryotic sc

Cells can be grown rapidly – very important for medicine

- Any type of cell can be produced
- Cells need to be specified – E.g. – Pancreatic β-cells – for insulin

, hES = HLA antigens – tells body the cells = self

- Non-self cells = different HLA profile = recognised as non-self and killed
- Same HLA typing needed for donating to different people

Totipotent = self-renew, result in placenta and embryo – all cells

Pluripotent = any cells (except placenta)

Ethics of SC:

- Involves destruction of embryo – religious and ethical disagreement
- However – embryos = unwanted – so not too bad
- Informed consent

Several clinical trials – using hES – type I Diabetes = very widely researched

iPS Cells:
- Process of de-differentiation

- Cell can come from patient (in the case of medicine)

- iPS need genetic manipulation – but currently unsafe

Multipotent stem cells = specialised (adult stem cells)

Bone marrow transplantation = example of cell therapy

- Hematopoietic SC (HSC)= powerful – several diseases affect WBC – potentially be treated by
HSC

Mesenchymal Stem cells = in placenta, bone marrow, heart, muscles and several other sources – used
to treat bone diseases – e.g. – cartilage injury

- Mesenchymal stem cells secrete anti-inflammatory areas – can ‘dampen’ down areas of
inflammation
- E.g. = stroke – excess bleeding causes inflammation – drugs often contain anti-inflammatorys
– potential for mesenchymal cells
- For cartilage injury – cartilage producing cells = grown from mesenchymal sc – (from patients’
bone marrow) – grown and specified – put into gel and back into body – regeneration of
cartilage.

Massive increase in clinal trials involving mesenchymal stem cells over the years

Cell differentiation = in vivo or in vitro

- In vivo = inside the body
- In vitro = outside the body

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