Lecture notes
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- Module
- Neuropsychology (PSY0661)
- Institution
- Northumbria University (UNN)
Lecture notes of 5 pages for the course neuropsychology at UNN (LECTURE 6 OUT OF 6)
[Show more]
Content preview
Lecture 6 – future directionsSummary;
- The emergence of complex systems theories
- High-level cognition relies on low-level processes such as; Decision-making, guided
by emotions and Artificial intelligence, guided by perception and learning.
- Brain as predictor (Visual consciousness/Conscious will)
Social-intuitionalist model;
- Do we judge behaviour based on rational thought or an emotional knee-jerk? (Haidt,
2001)
- Proposes that judgments are based on intuition, not rational reflection, through two
routes.
Hot route;
- “You stole my car! HULK SMASH!!!”
- Compare to System 1 (Kahneman, 2011)
Cold route;
- “Stealing is against society because property and work are lynchpins of mutually-
beneficial cooperation between men; it’s what separates us from the animals. I shall
call my local law enforcement officials and prosecute you to the full extent of the
law.”
- Compare to System 2 (Kahneman, 2012)
- Overall, the hot route is more direct than the cold
route, this is supposed to predict thar emotional state
influences decision making.
- Moral judgments and emotional stimuli activate
overlapping regions in the brain such as; Amygdala,
thalamus, and upper midbrain (Moll et al., 2002)
- Intuitions are shaped by emotion (Wheatley & Haidt,
2005/Schnall et al., 2008/Cushman & Mele, 2009)
Schnall et al., 2008;
- Participants experience disgust (exposed to a bad smell and watch the toilet scene in
Trainspotting)
- Then judge the morality of actions, E.g., 1st cousin marriages, eating dogs
- Ps in the disgust condition judge more negatively
Wheatley & Haidt, 2005;
- Ps are induced to feel disgust through
hypnosis
- Then judge actions
- More disgust > more severe judgment
, Intentionality judgements;
- Ps rate whether the chairman intended to harm/help the environment
- ‘The vice-president of a company went to the chairman of the board and said, “We are
thinking of starting a new program. It will help us increase profits for this year’s balance
sheet, but in 10 years it will start to (harm/help) the environment.” The chairman answered,
“I don’t care at all about (harming/helping) the environment. I just want to make as much
profit for this year’s balance sheet as I can. Let’s start the new program.” They started the
new program. Sure enough, ten years later, the environment started to be (harmed/helped)’
- Ps are more likely to say actions are intentional when they caused harm
- Automatic emotional reaction influences judgments
- Found;
- Ps are more likely to say the chairman’s actions were intentional
when they harmed the environment
- Automatic, emotional reaction influences judgments
- Does this serve a function for assessing responsibility?
Kohlberg;
- states that Morality develops as cognitive abilities (rational thought) develop.
Therefore, rationality matters, right, in how we make moral judgments?
- Haidt’s model accommodates this; reflection and considered thought have effects
over the long term, but overall occur with much lower frequency (takes longer).
Artificial intelligence;
- Frame problem = Well-defined problems are much easier e.g. Games
(Chess, Go, Poker, StarCraft). Well suited for what computers can do.
- Domain general intelligence = Conversation and navigation are more
difficult, only done by humans. These are outstanding challenges.
- What can computers do?
- Weak AI = Computers can be programmed to act as if they were
intelligent (as if they were thinking)
- Strong AI = Computers can be programmed to think (i.e. they really are
thinking)
ENIAC (1945) is the first electronic digital computer
- computers inspired models of cognition.
Deep Blue (1997) was the first supercomputer which beat a professional
chess player (Gary Kasperov).
Why did they get it wrong?
- The need for knowledge – Expert chess players have experience
- Expert chess players have strategies and heuristics that are difficult to put into a
computer
- Deep Blue mimics performance, but not underlying processes
Watson (2011);
- Supercomputer which gives you a clue and you needed to guess the actor who it
related to.
- A lot harder than playing chess because it involves language which needs processing.
AlphaGo (2016);
- Lead the game ‘Monte Carlo tree search’
- Go begins on a 19x19 square board
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller hannahnewton21. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £5.09. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
72042 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now