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Summary The entire British History course summarised by chapter! £25.39
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Summary The entire British History course summarised by chapter!

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An in-depth, complete, simple, and condensed set of posters that cover the entire British history A-level course, including chronological dates and highlighted key events! Each section is condensed into just one page, and all information has been narrowed down, double checked, and highlighted by a ...

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The affluent society
Conservative governments Economic developments
● 1944 butler act tripartite system in education ● 1954 food rationing comes to an end
● The 1951 conservative manifesto promised to build 300,000 houses a year ● 1955 election rab butler give away budget of 134 million pounds in tax cuts for the
middle class
● 1951 conservatives won the election due to the first past the post system (Churchill wins)
● 1955 estimated that full employment had been achieved, less than 1% unemployed
● 1953 Churchill has a stroke
● 1955 balance of payments deficit, higher salaries increased demand but did not
● 1955 labour party bevan and Gaitskell divisions, Gaitskell seen as being on the right of the party defeated encourage manufacturers to increase their export trade
Bevan in leadership ● 1957 suez crisis causes run on the pound, divisions in conservative cabinet over
● 1955 Eden becomes PM monetarism and expansionist policies, row symbolised stop go economics
● Macmillan speaks in parliament and defends Philby from allegations he is a Soviet spy, the rumoured ‘Third ● 1957 Malaya independence (had contributed $400 million USD a yr)- shows continual
Man’. The third of the Cambridge Spies after Burgess and Maclean (two British diplomats and Soviet spies decline of empire and prompts move towards Europe
who defected in 1951). UK-US relations are damaged by this scandal and Britain is kept out of nuclear ● 1958 thorneycroft proposed drastic spending cuts and macmillan overruled him, he
secrets due to fears of spies. Philby would eventually defect in 1963. resigned together with enoch powell and nigel birch and the post war consensus
remained in place
● 1956 clean air act prevent smog of the 1950s
● 1959 sterling regained its value against the dollar, economy expanded so much that
● 1956 Frank Cousins left-winger became leader of powerful transport and general workers union, led a fierce budget of 1959 provided tax cuts of 370 million pounds, general air of consumer
opposition to Gaitskell over Brs nuclear weapons affluence reflected in budget generally accepted as key reason in macmillans
● 1956 Suez crisis comfortable reelection
● 1957 Bevan announced opposition to unilateral nuclear disarmament ● 1960 nearly 5 mill people employed in service industries - 1 in 5 of the population
● 1957 Eden resigns over ill health (tough numbers employed in agriculture, fishing, coal mining and shipbuilding fell)
● 1957 Macmillan becomes PM ● 1961, population had grown 5% since 1951
● 1961 govt had to introduce a pay pause due to cycle of stop-go economics, had to
● 1957 homicide act restricts when the death penalty imposed
ask for a loan from the IMF, application was a symbol of sense of failure in bringing
● 1957 Wolfden Commission recommended that homosexuality should no longer be a criminal act about economic modernisation
● 1959 general election ‘supermac’ led conservatives to a comfortable victory ● 1961 application to join EEC
● 1960 Scarborough conference Gaitskell propose abolishing Clause IV committing the party to ● 1961 selwyn lloyd, macmillans third chancellor of exchequer set up the national
nationalisation, but not successful, Gaitskels emotional speech trying to convince the conference to reject economic development council consisting of govt representatives, academicas and
unilateral nuclear disarmament trade unionist and made responsible for long term planning
● 1962 national incomes commission added to keep an eye on wages and prices
● 1961 george Blake was convicted of being a Soviet double agent
● 1963 failure to join EEC due to de gaulle's veto
● 1962 george vassal blackmailed on the basis of homosexuality to pass info to the soviet union
● 1963 beechings report published into review of cutting public expenditure,
● 1962 night of the long knives Macmillan radically reshuffle his cabinet and this weekend it recommended massive cuts in BRs railway, closure of more than 30% of the rail
● 1963 death of Gaitskell opened the way for labour to elect Harold Wilson as leader network provoking public outrage
● 1963 rejection of Br to join EEC weakened Macmillan's position ● 1964 Brs growth rate rose from 4% in 1963 to nearly 6% in 1964
● 1963 Profumo Affair Macmillan secretary of state for war - reinforced the idea of Macmillan as old and out of ● 1964, exports rose over 10% between 1961-64 byt imports remained nearly 20%
touch higher
● 1963 macmillan resigned after a major abdominal operation
● 1963 lord home emerged as the leader but he was a compromise candidate and made the conservative
party seem trapped in a bygone age (Lord not MP)




Foreign policy
● 1947 beginning of retreat from the empire, britain had to inform the americans that britain faced
Social developments bankruptcy so had to withdraw from greece, turkey and palestine
● 1949 britain was a founding member of NATO and substantial contingents of BRitish troops were
● 1951 class loyalties very strong, estimated in 1951 election 65% working class voted labour, 80% stationed in west germany
middle class conservative party ● 1950s Br found itself fighting against national independence movements from malaya, kenya and
● 1951 only 1 in 5 women worked,, mass observation study captured womens typical day of cyprus, mau mau rebellion 1952 could not be contained and demonstrated problems with Br’s colonial
housewives in london, showed huge amount of domestic work policies
● 1952 most economic indicators pointed upwards ● 1950s Br and US remained close allies throughout cold war and Br supported UN in Korea and
● 1952 equal pay for teachers some improvement for women but only really for the middle class,
worked to sustain west berlin
and 1954 equal pay for civil servants as well
● Period of relative decline vs West Germany (Economic Miracle) + Europe ● 1950-54 Britain sent over 90,000 soldiers to korea, second biggest contingency after the US,
● 1953 evident enthusian for commonwealth ideal after Elizabeth II coronation , arrival of immigrants
ceasefire agreed 1953 but 1000 troops died and korean war demonstrated Britain's willingness to
from empire windrush in 1948 caribbeans and then further arrival of commonwealth immigrants continue to play a major role in world affairs despite economic constraints, clear that the US was a
caused social change and tensions greater power
● 1954 end of rationing and farmers did well encouraged by continuation of generous state subsidies ● 1950 schuman plan set out proposals for a coal and steel community that would integrate french and
● 1955 ITV launched, visible symbol of affluence advertising industry, people became accustomed to german heavy industry in order to promote rapid econ reconstruction and bind together historic
glossy adverts during and between popular programs enemies, this was the foundation for the EEC
● 1956 suez crisis explosed blatant lying and manipulation by the govt, decline in deference na ● 1950s Britain did not directly become involved in the EEC because: few politicians in favour of br
breakdown of old social restrictions - Late 1950s group of writers came to be known as :the angry taking up a leadership role in europe, left tended to be suspicious of free market principles, right
young men” used the arts to attack the behaviour of established upper and middle class eg 1956 tended to regard the preservation of national trade links with australia, candan and new zealand as
look back in anger staged by john osborne
more important, belief in issues for continental europe and not britain who had ‘won the war’,
● 1958 rise of CNd encouraged tendency to challenge authority
● 1958 about 210,000 commonwealth immigrants settled in Britain, 75% male, highest number came
assumption that BR was still a great world power, BR wanted to balance special relationship with the
from caribbean and numbers from india and pakistan began to rise, mixed public attitudes to US and its involvement in europe
immigration, some outright racism eg 1958 n”””” hunts in nottingham by gang of white youths and ● 1952 Britain's first test of the A bomb, but the US and USSR already developing the h bomb
riots in notting hill in london, racism in politics eg oswald mosley who found 1959 election on ● 1956 suez crisis after colonel nasser announced the nationalisation of the suez canal, eden top secret
platform of repartition meeting in sevres with BR, france and isal agreed POA, storm of political protest in br, anti war
● 1958 a taste of honey play about young unmarried woman who becomes pregnant after a protests held, the US opposed action, br not strong enough to stand up to US pressure, financial
relationship with a black sailor - move to break down social taboos crisis so had to pull out, more of a domestic failure than international as highlighted BRs inability to
● 1959 - 1957- 1959, number of households owning a tv rose 32%, by 1960 1 mill tv sets in use, act without the tactic support of the US, undermined the belief that Britain was still one of the world’s
estimated that 50% of pop watched Tv in the evening, car ownership rose by 25%, washing major powers
machine ownership by 54%, refrigerator 58% - labour saving devices changed the lives of women,
● 1957 Ghana fist to be granted independence, nigeria and cyprus 1960, sierra leone and tanganyika
eg one washing machine called ‘the liberator’
● 1950s holiday camps at their peak, 60,000 people holidayed with Butlins each week as people had
1961l uganda 1962 and Kenya 1963- decolonisation was completed more swiftly and with far less
more paid time off work and enough disposable income to afford to go on holiday violence than was the case with other colonial powers such as belgium and portugal
● 1959 baby boom survey showed teenagers made up around 10% of the population and so this ● 1957 Malaya independence (had contributed $400 million USD a yr)- shows a continual decline of
made them more visible and economically important, emergence of teddy boys, then mods, then empire and prompts move towards Europe
rockers ● 1957 Britain finally tested the H bomb
● 1959 popular fil racial tension theme of Sapphire, crime thriller daring portrayal of sex and ● 1957 treaty of rome launched the EEC without britain
vilenceshow affected attitudes
● 1958 rise of campaign for nuclear disarmament, 8000 people in demonstration iat weapons research
● 1960 boys no longer had to take part in the national service, so more time at home and to help
their mothers, developed their own culture base in aldermaston, and a second march in 1959 was even bigger
● 1960a inward migration total 1.25 mill, outward migration 1.92 mill ● 1958 US agreed to share nuclear technology with BR under the mutual defence agreement, Brs own
● 1960 Nearly 10 mill Tv sets are in use - est 50% of the population watched tv in the evening rocket project blue streak abandoned for US polaris missiles, became clear that Br did not have a n
● 1961 men's weekly wages almost doubled from 1951 independent nuclear deterent anhs some in labour party started becoming more seceptical of pro
● 1961 victim first english language film to use the word “homosexual” nuclear policy
● 1962 penguin books caused a storm by publishing the sexually explicit “lady chatterly’s lover” ● 1959 Br formed the EFTA but this was only moderately successful and it was not able to match the
resulted in high profile could case under the obscenity act but penguin won and sold 2 mill copies economic growth of the EEC
of the book, new culture received criticism, led by mary whitehouse about “immorality and ● 1960 Britain, macmillan involved in summit meeting with Nikita khrushchev, JF kept macmillan
debratavty, and there was left wing criticism that the concentration on material affluence informed with events of the cuban missile crisis though BR were bystanders in the crisis, also
undermined decency in society established a good relationship with Eisenhower, BUT Br still militarily overstretched and dependent
● 1962 commonwealth immigration act passed to control immigration, labour party strongly opposed on US power
this but did not repeal it after the 1964 election ● 1960 Macmillan winds of Change speech
● 1962 novel a clockwork orange portrayed gang violence
● 1963 profumo affair provided excuse for popular press to investigate secual behaviour of those ● 1961 submitted application to join EEC due to : hopes that EEC would boost industrial production for
involved and other large scale export market, increase industrial efficiency with greater competition , stimulate economic
● 1963 Nearly 1200 miles of new or upgraded roads were built from 1957 growth with the rapid economic expansion already seen in the EE, US also keep to see BR join EEC
● 1964 number of women in work had risen but still uncommon for married women and those with for strategic reasons as saw Br as vital link between europe and america, macmillans chief negotiator
children, trade unions tend not to support women as believed would cut wages was Edward Heath
● 1964 margate and brighton clashes between mods and rockers, fighting went on for 2 days and ● 1963 Charles de gaulle vetoed BRitain's application
police had to get involved bur real level of violence was exaggerated ● 1964 transit from empire to commonwealth

, The sixties

Wilson and the labour governments
Liberal reforming legislation

1961 challenged gaitskell for leadership from the left but lost, made him the left's obvious candidate in ● 1959-62 thalidomide disaster swayed public opinion in favour for abortion
the future
● 1961 establishment of robbins committee found that BR lagged behind France,
● 1963 death of Gaitskell allowed wilson to emerge as a conciliatory leader of the party, concentrated on
image of party of technological modernisation united both left + right wing of party and minimised Germany and the US in the provision of UNi places
tensions over clause IV ● 1961 labour expansion of higher education, polytechnics replaced colleges of
● 1964 harold wilson enters downing street, labour seemed more in touch with social and cultural trends, technology, 9 colleges of advanced technology became full universitie, new unis like
effective campaign speech - promised Br would catch up with ‘the white heat’ of technological change, sussex founded 1961
wilson seemed classless, first PM to be educated at state secondary school
● 1964 1 in 10 educated in comprehensives 1965 tony crosland becomes minister of
● 1964 widely accepted that br was lagging behind other countries such as west ger and japan, inherited
a deficit of 800 million pounds education accelerated process
● 1964 Wilson made Frank Cousins minister of technology and wilson relying on union cooperation with ● 1963 labour party stated ‘university on air’, appointed jennie lee to see through
his prices and incomes policies project
● 1964 Department of economic affairs (DEA) set up led by George brown (attempt to plan their way to a ● 1965 roy jenkins labour home secretary in wilsons govt, more liberal
better economic future- the failures of this set up New Right thinking) ● 1965 labour backbencher sydney silverman campaign for abolition of death penalty,
● 1966 wilson moved brown to the ministry of foreign affairs made permanent in 1969
● 1966 further election victory gave it a sizeable majority, wilson was a better political tactician that heath ● 1966 govt made money for new school buildings conditional in drawing up plans for
and was able to portray a more attractive image to the voters, heath came across as stiff and lacking in
personality comprehensives, by 1970 only 8 authorities failed to do so, comprehensive schools
● 1966 sterling crisis caused in part by long and bitter strike by national union of Seamen, the govt catered for 1 in 3 of all state-educated secondary school pupils
defeated the strike but many especially on the left were shocked by Wilsons critical attitudes to the ● 1967 jenkins brought in majority verdicts for english juries rather than unanimity,
strikers helped convict many dangerous criminals
● 1966 Frank cousins resigned from the cabinet over the incomes policy - govt brough tin prices and ● 1967 legalisation of abortion david steel all night commons sitting order to pass the
incomes policy to keep down inflation, implemented by prices and incomes board
● 1967 DEA was abandoned bill , between 100,000 and 200,000 illegal abortions each year previously and
● 1967 outbreak of war in middle east affected oil supplies and major national dock strike affected between 58-60 82 women died from it, only justification for abortion needed was
balance of payments, devaluation could not be avoided, the pound dropped by 14% to 2.4 US dollars ‘mental suffering’, abortions rose from 4 per 100 in 1968 to 17.6 in 1975
also made defence cuts and introduced hire purchase restrictions and higher interest rates - ● 1967 sexual offences act decriminalise homosexuality - leo abse backbencher take
deflationary policies that didn’t look much different from stop-go policies of previous tory govts up cause, jenks support allowed him to get enough parliamentary time for bill to
● 1967 second application to EEC made on economic grounds due to devaluation, application was
rejected become law, BUT both partners had to be over 21 and had to be in private
● 1968 Enoch Powell's rivers of blood speech ● 1968 there were 30 polytechnics and 56 unis,new institutions brought new courses,
● 1969 jenkins chancellor used deflationary methods raised taxes and tightened up govt spending in all polytechnics expanded education for may whose families never attended uni but
areas of the economy, 1969 balance of payments surplus middle class children still dominated old unis so hard to persuade anyone of the
● 1969 Barbara Castle in place of strife white paper, controversial, wanted to limit strike action, unions parity of opportunity
and left of the labour party hated the proposals, protests from powerful union leaders like jack jones and
James Callaghan and at least 50 labour Mps ready to rebel ● 1969 open university headquarters established in milton keynes, first students in
● 1969 TUC negotiated a face-saving compromise but everyone knew it was a humiliating climbdown by 1971
the govt ● 1969 divorce reform act allowed for ‘no fault divorce’ - couples could divorce if: had
● 1970 - 1969-1970 inflation still running at 12% lived apart for 3 years and both agreed, or lived apart for 5 years and one partner
● 1970 first sign post war consensus breaking down, trade unions more uncooperative, left of the party wanted a divorce, huge increase in divorces, mid 70s divorce rose to nearly 10 in
dissatisfied by moderate consensus labour policies, social problems and poverty not ended
● 1970 election some believed that powell did make voters more conservative, others believed that 1000 but in 50 it was fewer than 2 per 1000 married couples
hwaths actions made him appear strong and principles, concern that post war consensus not working ● 1980, the open university had 70,000 students and awarding more degrees than ox
meant that conservative’s new ideas gained support, narrow tory lead and heath won and cambridge combined
Northern ireland
● 1960s mounting evidence that catholics in northern ireland were discriminated against in employment
and housing and that electoral boundaries had been deliberately drawn to prevent catholic from being
elected, accusations that the RUC (northern ireland police force) was biased against catholics
● 1964 civil rights movement in N ireland challenged this, tensions rose as some unionists feared the IRA
would start a new campaign, loyalists set up paramilitary organisations to defend the union
● 1968 civil rights marches held to protest against discrimination and they were attacked by loyalists +
complained the RUC failed to protect them
● 1969 loyalist apprentice boys went ahead with annual march on derry and were attacked by nationalists
in the catholic area of bogside, 2 days of rioting, Tv showed RUC officers beating catholics




Social and cultural change
Foreign affairs Women
● 1963 feminine mystique published by betty friedan second wave feminism
● 1962 gaitskell fought passionately against Br’s first application, labour left ● 1967 NHS act allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and contraceptive advice for first time but changing
hostile but some europhiles eg roy jenkins and george brown, wilson more attitudes meaner number of illegitimate births rose from 5.8% in 1960 t0 8.2% in 1970
ambivalent and preferred the atlantic alliance and stronger links with the ● 1969 rally led to formation of women's national coordination committee
● 1970 first women’s national liberation conference held in ruskin college oxford and demands put forward inc equal pay
commonwealth and free contraception
● 1963 macmillan's winds of change speech seen as threat in southern africa so ● 1970 matrimonial property act established that the work of a wife whether paid or at home should be taken into account
in divorce settlements
federation of rhodesia and nyasaland broke up into separate entities, ● 1970 equal pay act established equal pay for equal work but not in place till 1975
● 1964 when vietnam war began wilson resisted any direct military involvement ● 1970 women accounted for only 28% of students in higher education and only 5% ever reached managerial posts
despite good relationship with LBJ, in the end was giving moral support without Race relations
● 1964 notting hill carnival becomes annual event and youth culture drew in ethnic communities in music, fashion and
military support because could not afford to alienate the US as needed the US street life eg indian and african cottons, kaftans
to support the value of the sterling and avoid devaluation ● 1965 survey in north london showed that 1 in 5 did not want to work with black people or asians, half said they'd refuse
to live next door to a black person, 9/10 disapproved of mixed marriages
● 1964 independence for northern rhodesia and nyasaland, southern rhodesia ● 1965 race relations act forbade discrimination on grounds of race or ethnic or national origins but discrimination in
hoped for independence at the same time but BR made it clear it could not housing and employment excluded - complaints referred to race relations board
happen until majority rule replaced the political domination by the white pop ● 1968 alarm over influx if kenyan asians led to new commonwealth immigration act limiting right of return to britain for
non white commonwealth citizens
● 1965 ian smith issues unilateral declaration of independence for rhodesia ● 1968 enoch powell's rivers of blood speech, condemned by liberal establishment but gallup poll found that 75% agreed
without accepting majority rule, direct challenge to labour govt, wilson met with powell
● 1968 another race relations act banned racial discrimination in housing, employment, insurance and other services but
smith on HMS tiger and HMS fearless but wilson's diplomacy got nowhere loopholes in that employers could discriminate against non whites in the interest of racial balance
● 1966 wilson's cabinet agreed to back application to new EEC membership, ● 1972 race relations board only upheld 10% of the claims it received about discriminatory employment and number of
prospects of success poor, british nid seemed half hearted and de gaulle still complaints remained low since victims had little faith in getting effective redress
Extent of permissiveness
president ● 1965 support for mary whitehouse led to setting up national viewers and listeners association and soon had 100,000
● 1967 wilson and de gaulle met, de gaulle asked wilson to detach itself from the members but failed to have any impact on the programme shows
● 1965 anglo french partnership continued to develop supersonic concorde aircraft, post office towers tallest building in
special relationship with the us, and when wilson said no he vetoed britain's britain opened to improve telecommunications
application ● Films of mid 60s became more daring, still remained subject to strict categorisation by the british board of film censors,
● 1967 Healy’s defence white paper set up a timetable for troop withdrawals from examples darling, alphie and here we go round the mulberry bush - screen violence and sex more acceptable and
more explicit
Aden, the middle east, malaysia and singapore ● 1967 dangerous drug acts unlawful to possess drugs such as cannabis and cocaine after rise in use with hippy culture
● 1968 drastic spending cuts introduced by roy jenkins after 1967 devaluation ● 1968 wootton report suggested legalising soft drugs like cannabis but rejected by callaghan
● 1968 critical essay “the pope, the pill and the people against contraception
crisis so withdrawal from east of suez rapidly accelerated ● 1968 bill to abolish theatrical censorship george strauss supported by jenkins, celebrated when 13 members of the cast
● 1971 troops to be pulled out of Aden, arabian gulf, malaysia and singapore by of hair in london stood up and faced the audience naked for 30 seconds
end of 1971 ● 1971 sex and marriage in england today published by geoffrey goer showed that extent permissiveness influenced
attitudes + behaviour in 60s limited, mouth young people were ether virgins on marriage or married their first and only
● 1971 had to abandon development of hitech warlane TSR2 sexual partner
Developments + vietnam war protests
● 1964 BBC2 launched, allows BBC1 to become more populist
● 1964 BBC Radio one started and made use of formed pirate Djs eg Tony blackburn after pirate stations nightly
broadcast of pop music from radio luxembourg banned - top of the pops also founded
● 1964 Britannia airways founded to serve holidaymakers, but holidays still largely preserved for the middle class
● 1965 teach ins oxford against vietnam war
● 1967 BBC2 first channel to broadcast regular colour programmes
● 1968 anti vietnam war demonstration london, then more at battle of grosvenor square, then 30,000 took part in
peaceful protest
● 1969 Tv accounted for 23% of leisure time
● 1969 the sun was bought by rupert murdoch, associated it with more permissive attitudes of the age and its popularity
grew enormously
● 1971 91% had Tv in their home
● 1971 package holidays grew from under 4% of total holidays in 1966 to 8.4% in 1971

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