Mohammed Salam Unit 14: LA A
Designer molecules
Haloalkanes:
Haloalkanes are alkane molecules that contain one or more halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, or iodine) in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.
Alcohols – primary, secondary, and tertiary:
Based on their structural formulas, alcohols are divided into three categories: primary, secondary,
and tertiary alcohols. The hydroxyl group (-OH) is joined to a main carbon atom that is connected to
another carbon atom in primary alcohols. The hydroxyl group is joined to a secondary carbon atom
that is linked to two more carbon atoms in secondary alcohols. The hydroxyl group is joined to a
tertiary carbon atom that is linked to three more carbon atoms in tertiary alcohols. A primary,
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,Mohammed Salam Unit 14: LA A
secondary, or tertiary alcohol can be identified by looking at the carbon atom that is connected to
the -OH group.
Amines – primary, secondary, and tertiary:
Organic substances known as amino acids have a nitrogen atom attached to one or more alkyl or aryl
groups. Depending on how many carbon atoms are bound to the nitrogen atom, they are
categorised as primary, secondary, or tertiary. In primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, the
carbon atom is joined to the nitrogen by one bond. These many amine types are employed in
numerous commercial and scientific applications, and each has a unique set of chemical and physical
characteristics.
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Aldehydes:
Aldehydes are organic molecules containing the functional group RCH=O1 in their structure. An
aldehyde's carbonyl group is connected to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain. Aldehydes
have two bonds with oxygen atoms, one bond with hydrogen atoms, and one bond with carbon
atoms. They are extremely hazardous compounds that can be produced during normal lipid
metabolism or as a result of lipid peroxidation. Specific nomenclature regulations govern the naming
of aldehydes.
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, Mohammed Salam Unit 14: LA A
Ketones:
Ketones are an organic molecule with a carbonyl group (-C=O). Acetone, with the formula (CH3)2CO,
is the most basic ketone. Ketones play a significant role in biology, and many carbohydrates and
steroids are ketones. Ketones are more volatile than other chemicals because they are not typically
hydrogen-bond donors and cannot hydrogen-bond to themselves.
Carboxylic acids:
Carboxylic acids are chemical molecules with a carboxyl group (-COOH) linked to an R-group. They
are distinguished by a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom and by a single
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