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Summary AQA Psychology - Addiction Revision Notes

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A comprehensive and in-depth set of notes about the social influence topic of psychology. Written for the NEW 2015 spec for AQA Psychology. Suitable for paper 1 of both AS and A2 exams

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  • August 9, 2017
  • 23
  • 2016/2017
  • Summary

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- Addiction -

Describing Addiction

Physical and psychological dependence:

People who are DEPENDENT on the drug take it to feel normal

PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
• Can be demonstrated if a person experiences withdrawal symptoms when suddenly abstaining from the
drug
• The person depends on the drug to stop the withdrawal symptoms
• Physical dependence is accompanied by increased tolerance, requiring higher doses to obtain the same
effect as the first time

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
• Occurs when the drug is central to thought, emotions and activities
• Shown by strong urges to use drug
• Even when knowing the negative effects of using

CRAVINGS
• Are experienced as an intense desire to repeat the experience associated with the drug or behaviour
• Experienced when abstinence or cutting down of the drug taking occurs
• Not meeting the cravings will lead to anxiety, making stopping drugs hard
• Feel unable to cope without the drug to the point where it will completely take over their thinking

TOLERENCE
• When a drug is used for a prolonged period tolerance is developed
• Individual no longer responds to the drug in the same way
• More of the drug is needed to reach the satisfaction level

EXPLANATION FOR TOLERANCE
1) Enzymes
• Enzymes responsible for metabolising the drug do this more efficiently per exposure (metabolic
tolerance)
• Resulting in reduced concentrations in the blood and at sites of drug action, making the effect
weaker

2) Changed in Receptor Density
• Reducing the response to the normal dose of the drug

3) Learned Tolerance
• The user will experience reduced drug effects because they have learned to function normally
when under the influence of the drug

WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
• A collection of symptoms associated from the abstinence of the drug
• As the effects of the drug wear off, symptoms can include:
- Anxiety
- Shakiness/trembling
- Insomnia
- Irritability
- Loss of appetite
- Headaches

• All drugs result in a negative impact on the individual
• The drug is usually taken to alleviate the symptoms
• Withdrawal symptoms being present shows a physical dependence for the drug

Withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body attempting to deal with the absence of the drugs effects.

, Just as tolerance is a consequence of the body adjusting to chronic drug use, withdrawal syndrome is the
consequence of the body reaction to cessation of the drug.

TWO PHASES OF WITHDRAWAL

1) Acute Withdrawal
- Begins within hours of drug cessation
- Gradually resolving after a week
- Physical cravings are intense and persistent during this period, as the body is trying to adjust to the
drug it had been used to for so long

2) Post-acute withdrawal
- Can last for months or even years after cessation
- Characterised by emotional and psychological turmoil
- Addicts experience alternating periods of dysfunction and near-normality
- As the brain slowly re-organises and re-balances itself




- RISK FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF ADDICTION -

1) GENETIC VULNERABILITY
• Some people appear to be born with a genetic predisposition to developing substance abuse and other
forms of ‘unhealthy’ behaviours
• It is not an addiction which is inherited, rather a predisposition to dependence on that behaviour/
substance

Slutske et al. (2010)
Procedure:
• Interviewed 2889 twins of investigate role of genetics and environment in developing gambling additions.
Findings:
• MZ twins had a higher rate of both twins being pathological gamblers (if one was a pathological gambler
too) compared to DZ twins.
• Male MZ had a heritability estimate of 49%
• Male DZ has a heritability estimate of 21%

Vink et al (2005)
Procedure:
• Studied 1572 Dutch twin pairs looking at role of genetics or environment on smoking addictions
Findings:
• For both men and women 44% of individual differences in smoking initiation were explained by genetics
• They also reported that nicotine dependence was influenced primarily by genetic factors

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