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Summary Grade 10_Geography Noteset

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Module
Geography

Institution
10th Grade

The Grade 10 Geography Notebook is the perfect study companion for any student who wants to excel in their geography class. With its colorful design and easy-to-understand format, this notebook will help students retain information and improve their understanding of the subject. Whether you're a vi...

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Uploaded on October 9, 2023
Number of pages 55
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

geo gr10

Institution
10th Grade
Module
Geography
Schooljaar 200

notedx19

Member since 3 year 1212 documents sold

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GEOGRAPHY

, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS [GIS]
GIS → computerized system consisting of or hardware, software, data, people &
methods designed to read in, manage, manipulate, analyse, model and display spatial
geographic data and non-spatial geographic data  solve complex planning and
management problems

• Geography: Study of the real world. Physical and cultural world with its spacing
patterns of people, the environment, and their interaction with each other.
• Information: Set of processes that use raw data to compile information that can
be used in decision-making processes
• Systems: group of related objects and activities that interact with each other

HISTORY OF GIS:
NOTES:
1800s → hand drawn maps > propose &
u Save geographic data in digital analyse groups of geographic
format → computer dependent phenomena = labour
u specific data transferred by intensive & time consuming

a user Early 1900s = beginning of mass printing of
graphics
u government, industries, land
→ colours = each on different
planners, home affairs, public printing plate
sector offices and private → different types of map
users information on different layers
u People = key role in the Mid 1900s = development of computer
hardware & software
development of GIS
→ maps = separate transparent
software that captures plastic layers produced &
important geographic superimposed = compare
information geographical phenomena
u Geographers → plan (where to → nuclear weapons research =
general computer cartography
develop new settlements,
applications
build dams), where to act
1955 – 1960 = space race begins
(address high levels of u Russia = Sputnik 1 > 1957
pollutants in a conservation u USA = Explorer 1 > 1958
area) and evaluate (the u Development of Global Navigation
Satellite Systems
effects of acid mine water
1960 = first GIS
on local residents)
u Tomlinson = father of GIS > 1960
u Use → constantly expanded = DATA store for Canadian Land
by new data and new Inventory [1 : 50,000 scale]
technology u Harvard 1966 > Grid based mapping
program
u specific and adapted data or
u 1970 = private companies sell GPS
information
u World Geodetic System > 1984
1990 = GIS commonly used by national &
provincial government sectors
2010+ = ICT > GIS by Google & GPS (Global
Positioning System)

2© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Geography] www.notedsummaries.co.za

, THE VALUE OF DIGITAL DATA
u ↑ amount of information that can be collected, stored, analysed, and displayed
u information = computer system stored and manipulated in numerical form [number,
letter, and colour = numerical code]
u Information = easily selected, sorted, and displayed graphically

REMOTE SENSING

→ science that gathers information about the earth's surface without actually being in
contact with it [reflections / radiated energy > detect & register → process, analyse &
apply information]

7 ELEMENTS:

1. Sun = source of electromagnetic energy
2. Solar energy = waves > move through atmosphere [satellites = energy (radio waves)]
3. Energy = earth surface > wavebands & interaction with surface [absorbed, emitted,
reflected]
4. Remote sensors = energy in different wavebands detected & corrected information
5. Energy information = electronic signals → ground station (convert information > maps >
satellite images)
6. People → satellite images = information about earth
7. Maps / models = develop new knowledge about the area / help solve environmental
problems

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY SATELLITES & SENSORS
→ wavelengths = bands → each = sensors > detect information
→ sensors on satellites = detect energy outside
visible spectrum

3© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Geography] www.notedsummaries.co.za

, AERIAL PHOTOS; ORTHOPHOTO MAPS ; SATELLITE IMAGES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF IMAGES:

GIS HORIZONTAL PHOTO
→ spatial information > images : → camera = horizontal on subject
referenced using survey technicians & GPS
OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTO SATELLITE IMAGE
→ aerial camera taken between horizontal → digital pictorial image from remote
/ vertical > shows side views & easy sensing data > sensors to satellites
identification of terrain landmarks
LOW ANGLE AERIAL PHOTO VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTO
→ ground-surface visible ( horizon ) → camera = below plane > directly
→ camera axis = 30° from vertical overhead
HIGH ANGLE AERIAL PHOTO → terrain beacons = correct spatial
→ ground-surface features + horizon relationship
visible → top view only (phenomena )
→ camera axis = 60° from vertical → camera axis = 90° vertical to ground
USES : VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOS, ORTHOPHOTOS & SATELLITE IMAGES [MAPPING]:

VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
→ Overlapping photos > taken vertically above the ground →
specially adapted camera
→ Thousands of photos > plane = planned route
→ used to create topographic maps
→ larger scale than topographic maps = phenomena larger

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES DEVELOPMENT
u Source of spatial data → u The scale = only correct u Cameras = automated +
mapping in the middle film quality ↑
u Available in different u most images = black and u Photos → camera film
scales white developed = no longer
u Collection = historical u Must be scanned & used so much for
record of photographs > digitized = mapping mapping maps
monitor settlements,
economic growth, and
development → 1930

ORTHOPHOTOS & ORTHOPHOTO MAPS
→ many vertical aerial photographs that partially
overlapped each other = scale-correct images
→ by adding map information to orthophotos
→ Orthophoto map = combination of a map and a
photograph
→ larger scale (1:10 000) than the topographical map
= phenomena larger
→ contour lines superimposed on it > sense of the
relief of the landscape = essential information
provided

4© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Geography] www.notedsummaries.co.za

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