Lecture notes

Organic Chemistry

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Chemistry

Institution
Chemistry

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Uploaded on October 13, 2023
Number of pages 23
Written in 2023/2024
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Professor ilkka kilpeläinen
Contains Organic chemistry

chemistry
organic chemistry
o levels chemistry
a level chemistry
organicchemistry chemicalreactions functionalgr

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Organic Chemistry (AS)

Alkane (saturated hydrocarbon):
 Combustion (complete and incomplete)
 Free-radical substitution
 Cracking (elimination): alkane → alkene + alkane (no oxygen, high temperature, zeolite
catalyst)

Alkene (unsaturated hydrocarbon):
 Addition (electrophilic addition):
 Hydrogen (H2 (g)): CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3CH3 (140℃, Ni catalyst)
 Steam (H2O (g)): CH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3CH2OH (330℃, 6MPa, H3PO4)
 Hydrogen Halides (HX (aq)): CH2=CH2 + HBr → CH3CH2Br (conc. HX, r.t.p.)
 Halogens (X2 (aq)): CH2CH2 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br (r.t.p.
 Test for the presence of C=C bond (decolourisation of Br2)

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 Oxidation:
 Cold Dilute Acidified Manganate(VII) Solution (KMnO4)

 Hot Concentrated Acidified Manganate(VII) Solution (KMnO4)

 Addition Polymerisation

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Halogenoalkane:
 Subsitution (nucleophilic substitution):
 Aqueous Alkali (OH- (aq)): CH3CH2Br + NaOH → CH3CH2OH + NaBr / CH3CH2Br +
H2O → CH3CH2OH + HBr (Heated under reflux)
 Alcohol produced
 KCN (CN- (in ethanol)): CH3CH2Br + CN- → CH3CH2CN + Br- (heated under reflux)
 Addition of carbon atom
 Nitrile produced
 Ammonia (NH3 (in ethanol)): CH3CH2Br + NH3 → CH3CH2NH2 + HBr (heated)
 Alkylamine produced
 Mechanism:

 Primary Halogenoalkane (SN2): S stands for substitution, N stands for nucleophilic, 2
is the rate of reaction; depends on both conc. of halogenoalkane and hydroxide
ions present.

 Tertiary halogenoalkanes (SN1): two-step mechanism, where a carbocation is
produced, due to the stability of the carbocation – due to the inductive effect of the
alkyl groups attached to the C atom; depends on only the conc. of the
halogenoalkane (slow-step)

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