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BHCS2005 - Clinical Haematology and Biochemistry - Red Blood Cell Summary
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A complete summary of the red blood cell aspect of BHCS2005 clinical haematology and biochemistry module at Plymouth University.

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  • November 10, 2023
  • 6
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

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Red Blood Cell Cheat Sheet



ABO Blood Group

 Discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner

 Routinely tested for alongside Rh

 The ABO blood groups are an indirect product of the A and B alleles of the ABO gene




A and B Antigens

 The antigens are oligosaccharides that are synthesised by glycosyltransferases

 These glycotransferases transfer the monosaccharides to H antigen

o For A antigen, A transferase adds GalNac to H antigen

o For B antigen, B transferase adds Gal to H antigen

 The ABH antigens are found at the tip of the glycan chain



Blood Group Antigens

 Expressed on membrane proteins or glycoconjugates that are attached to membrane
proteins or lipids

 These antigens cause blood group incompatibility

 Conventional blood grouping is carried out by mixing washed RBCs with specific group
antibodies



Red Cell Membrane

 The red cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer of phospholipids

 The major component of the lipid bilayer is cholesterol

 The four main types of phospholipids are

o Choline

o Phosphatidylcholine

o Phosphatidylserine

o Phosphatidylethanolamine

,  The membrane has a spectrin network underneath with transmembrane protein scattered
throughout

 The key components of the erythrocyte membrane are

o Ankyrin-Rh complex

o Spectrin-lipid interaction

o Spectrin-ankyrin-band 3 interaction

o Spectrin dimer-dimer



Vertical and Horizontal Interactions

 The vertical interactions of the cytoskeleton include

o Band 3- ankyrin

o GPC- protein 4.1R-p55 - actin

o Rh core complex-ankyrin

 The horizontal interactions of the cytoskeleton include

o Spectrin dimers

o Protein 4.1R-phophatidylserine



Red Cell Membrane Components

 Band 3 exchange protein is an anion exchanger which carriers the Diego blood group

o It is important for chlorine and carbonate exchange which enables rapid expulsion

o It also acts as a nucleation site for glycolytic enzymes

 Protein 4.2 is needed in terms of flexibility and stability

o A reduction in band 3 also reduced protein 4.2

o This protein also binds to spectrin

 Ankyrin is a major membrane anchoring protein

o It interacts with beta spectrin and band 3

o It has 3 domains

 Band 3 binding domain 89kDa N-terminal

 Central 62kDa regulatory binding domain

 Acidic 55kDa regulatory domain C-terminal

 Protein 4.1 is a protein of the skeletal network

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