Lecture notes

Lecture notes Week 6 BMS2038 Integration of Physiological systems (BMS2038)

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Module
(BMS2038)

Institution
University Of Surrey (UNIS)

Notes on the gastrointestinal tract including the digestive system. Indepth notes for each part of the GI tract including, structure of GI tract, and digestive system, the process of digestion. Lecture notes taken and look over again, by re watching lecture recordings. Inlcuded diagrams.

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Uploaded on November 28, 2023
Number of pages 20
Written in 2023/2024
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Dr vikki revell.
Contains All classes

gastrointestinal tract
digestive system
organs
processes of digestion
structure of gi tract
mouth
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
pharnyx
oesophagus

Institution University of Surrey (UNIS)
Education Unknown
Module (BMS2038)

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BMS2038 Wk 6 Gastrointestinal tract Part 1

learning outcomes

Lecture 1- digestive system

Why do we have a digestive system
- We need nutrients
- chemical energy
- building new body tissues
- repair damaged tissues
- Food needs to be broken down into smaller molecules to be absorbed by cells
- Digestive systems optimised for processing food
- extensive surface area
- in contact with the external environment- food coming in
- closely associated with the cardiovascular system- once food is broken down the
food is able to be able absorbed into bloodstream

Digestive system
- GI tract- start of with mouth passing through the
pharynx and down into oesophagus , (connects
mouth down into stomach) from stomach into the
small intestine into large intestine and lastly into
anal canal
- Teeth-mechanically breaking down food
- Tongue- manipulating food -moving side to side
- Salivary gland- first point where food is putting into
solution (enzymes)
- Liver- making bile and metabolism
- Gallbladder- where bile is stored
- Pancreas- source of enzymes

What is the gastrointestinal tract
- Continuous tubular system

, - Extends from the mouth to the anus (mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, anus)
- 5-7 metres long
- Physiological barrier between the outside world and the body environment
- Egmental heterogeneity
- Different parts adapted for different function

6 processes of the digestive system
- Ingestion- taking food into mouth
- Secretion - enzymes mechanically breaking down food, mucous secretion- helps
food get along
- Motility- specialisations for food to be mixed, muscular actions to further break the
food to ensure its mixed up with the enzymatic juices
- Digestion- mechanical digestion physically breaking down. Chemical digestion action
of enzymes
- Absorption- where molecules are passed into the bloodstream and transported
wherever needed
- Defeation (→poo)- getting rid of all material not wanted or material that
has not been digested

GI tract: 4 layers
- Mucosa- faces into the lumen (directly adjacent to the food that's passing through)
- 3 layers: inner layer of epithelial cells, layer of lamina propria and muscularis layer-
important for resting folds and increasing surface area)
- Submucosa layer- glands, part of enteric nervous system
- Muscularis layer- circular muscle (longitudinal which are running parallel and work
together)
- Serosa- final layer that holds all of GI tract together

Mucosa– layer 1
- Mucous membrane
- 3 layers
1. Epithelial liar

, - Direct contact with contents of GI tract
- Simple columnar epithelium with tight junctions to restrict leakage
- Replaced every 5-7 days
- Exocrine cells- secrete mucus and fluid
- Enteroendrocrine cells- secrete hormone
2. Lamina propria
- Connective tissue
- Blood and lymphatic vessels- nutrient absorption
- Mucosa- associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)- part of immune systems sits
within the GI tract
3. Muscularis mucosae
- Smooth muscle fibres
- Created fold in the mucous membrane
Submucosal layer– layer 2
- Areolar connective tissue
- Blood and lymphatic vessels
- Neurons- part of nervou system sits within GI tract

Muscular layer– layer 3
- Smooth muscle
- Inner sheet of regular fibres and outer sheet of longitudinal fibres
- More neurons to stimulate the tone in the movements of the GI tract

Serosa layer- layer 4
- Serous membrane
- Areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
- Blood and lymph

Summery GI tract structure

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