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Introduction to Genetics (BIOL0003) Notes - Changes in Chromosomes £6.49
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Introduction to Genetics (BIOL0003) Notes - Changes in Chromosomes
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Explore the world of genetics with these concise notes tailored for Year 1 students in the Introduction to Genetics (BIOL0003) module at University College London. This document focuses specifically on the dynamic topic of changes in chromosomes, encompassing alterations in chromosome number and st...

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  • November 30, 2023
  • 6
  • 2020/2021
  • Lecture notes
  • Dr amanda cain
  • All classes

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Changes in Chromosome Number
Changes in Chromosome Number
 Aneuploidy – due to nondisjunction
o Formation of somatic cells
 Non-disjunction
 In meiotic division – failure of particular individual
chromosomes to go to the correct chromosome
end
o Results in sperm or egg with too many or
too few chromosomes
 Aneuploidy = presence of abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
o Down’s syndrome
 Symptoms
 Short
 Breathing difficulty
 Narrow slanted eyes
 Trisomy 21
 Stain chromosomes in down syndrome child = extra
chromosome 21
o One of the smallest chromosomes
 Diagnostic test










 Egg production in females
o Mother makes all her eggs before birth – released during fertile period
 Released at later age – been in incomplete meiosis for longer =
increase in chromosomal abnormalities
 Translocation down’s syndrome
 Part of chromosome 21 has become attached to fathers sperm  attached to
another chromosomes  passed to another generation = leading to down’s
syndrome
 Mosaic down’s syndrome
 Patches of trisomy-21
o Non-disjunction took place early in development
 Individuals with mixtures of down’s chromosomes + normal chromosomes
 Prenatal diagnosis and termination

, Changes in Chromosome Number





 Sex chromosomes – x chromosome inactivation
o Klinefelter syndrome XXY
 Diploid sperm x haploid egg = XXY individual
 Diploid sperm – XY
 Haploid egg – X





o Turner syndrome XO
 O x X = XO individual
 Egg developed without a Y chromosome – O
 Haploid sperm – X





o Edwards syndrome
 Trisomy 18 – small chromosome
o Drosophila gynandromorph
 Non-disjunction in body cells
 Left side of animal is male – right side is female




o
o Sex determination in bees – haplodiploidy

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