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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS LEVEL CHEMISTRY (9701) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES
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  • Cambridge International A Levels Chemistry AS (9701)
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  • Methodist College Kuala Lumpur

Navigate AS-level Organic Chemistry with confidence using our tailored and concise notes! Specifically crafted for AS-level students, these notes provide a comprehensive exploration of organic compounds, reactions, and mechanisms. Clear explanations and visual aids simplify intricate concepts, fost...

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Document information

  • December 9, 2023
  • 36
  • 2022/2023
  • Lecture notes
  • Dr. teh swe jyan
  • All classes

Subjects

  • chemistry
  • chemistry notes
  • as level
  • a level
  • cambridge a level
  • class notes

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  • Methodist College Kuala Lumpur
  • Cambridge International A Levels Chemistry AS (9701)
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CAMBRIDGE
INTERNATIONAL AS
LEVEL CHEMISTRY
(9701) ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY NOTES

, CHAPTER 14: INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBONS

Carbon chemistry:
- Organic chemistry: the study about the properties and chemical reaction of organic compounds
- Carbon has been the main component of all living and non-living things
- Why do so many organic compounds exist?
o Carbon can form strong bonds with other atoms
o Carbon has the ability to form maximum of four covalent bonds with other atoms or by
itself due to its electronic configuration (1s 2 2s2 2p2)



Recap: orbital hybridization




Bond types and angles:
- Due to hybridization, carbon can form single bond, double bond and triple bond:
o Single bond
 Sigma bond formed when the atoms bind and share one electron to each other
o Double bond
 Pi bond formed through sideways p orbital overlap
 Sigma bond formed through direct overlap hybridized orbitals
 Single bond
o Triple bond
 Forms when the atoms bind and share three electrons to each other
 Overlaps with other same set of orbital to form two sigma covalent bond and
the 2py and 2pz overlaps to form two pi covalent bond
 The molecule form through this bonding was also known to be an unsaturated
compound

,Representing organic molecules:
- Empirical formula
- Molecular formula
- Structural formula
- Displayed formula
- Stereochemical formula
- Skeletal formula



Empirical & Molecular formula:




Structural & Displayed formula:




Stereochemical formula:
- Shows the orientation of the bonding in 3D
o Wedge bond: out of the plane of paper (pointing towards you)
o Dashed bond: into the plane of paper (pointing away from you)
- Used to represent optical isomers

, Skeletal formula:
- Simplified version of displayed formula
- Only shows the functional groups without showing the symbols of carbon and oxygen
- Linear molecules




- Cyclic molecules




- Aromatic molecules
o Aromatic molecules e.g. benzene have a delocalized electron system




Naming Organic Compounds:
-




- Stem: number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain
o Add ‘cyclo-‘ if the carbon atoms are joined in a ring



- Stem-suffix: indicates the type of carbon-carbon bonds present in the compound
o Ethane: CH3-CH3
o Propene: CH3-CH=CH2
o Buta-1,3-diene: CH2=CH-CH=CH2

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