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Summary IGCSE/GCSE Biology - Topic 09 Transport in Animals £12.49
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Summary IGCSE/GCSE Biology - Topic 09 Transport in Animals

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Complete set of IGCSE/GCSE Biology notes. Typed out, highly-detailed, contains plenty of diagrams, tables and illustrations for easy learning. Topics (01-21): 01 Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms 02 Organization of The Organism 03 Movement in and out of Cells 04 Biolog...

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  • December 14, 2023
  • 14
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary
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BIOSCIENCER
Transport in Animals
Transport in Animals:
The Circulatory System: a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure
one-way flow of blood.
Single Circulation: when the blood travels through the heart once in a circuit or cycle of
the body, e.g. in a fish.
Double Circulation: when the blood travels through the heart twice during one complete
circuit or cycle of the body, e.g. in mammals.
The Advantages of Double Circulation:
1. Higher blood pressure and flow rate than single circulation.
2. Allows different blood pressure in each loop.
3. Prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
4. Allows animals to have high metabolic rates.
5. Allows animals to be large or tall.


The Heart:
Internal and External Structure of The Heart:
artery to head
pulmonary
aorta
vein
aorta
semi-lunar
pulmonary left atrium
vena valves
artery
cava
left atrium left ventricle
right one flap of
atrium valve (bicuspid) tendon
coronary
right artery columns
ventricle of muscle
thick supporting
left ventricle
muscular valve tendons
vena wall
cava aorta


The upper, thin-walled chambers are the atria (singular = atrium) and each of these opens
into a thick-walled chamber, the ventricle, below.
Blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins.
Blood enters the atria from large veins. The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood
from the lungs into the left atrium. The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the
body tissues into the right atrium. The blood passes from each atrium to its corresponding
ventricle, and the ventricle pumps it out into the arteries. The left chambers are separated
from the right chambers by a wall of muscle called a septum.

, pulmonary
artery
aorta
to lungs to head and body
vena pulmonary
cava vein
from head from lungs
and body

left atrium
right semi-lunar
atrium valve
tricuspid
valve bicuspid
valve



left
ventricle
right
ventricle

key
muscle

tendon deoxygenated oxygenated
septum supporting blood blood
valve


The artery carrying oxygenated blood to the body from the left ventricle is the aorta. The
pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
In pumping the blood, the muscle in the walls of the atria and ventricles contracts and
relaxes. The walls of the atria contract first and force blood into the two ventricles. Then
the ventricles contract and send blood into the arteries. Valves prevent blood flowing
backwards during or after heart contractions. The heart muscle is supplied with food and
oxygen by the coronary arteries.
The left and right sides of the heart are divided by a septum, keeping oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood separate.


Pulse Rate:
There are a number of ways by which the activity of the heart can be monitored. These
include measuring pulse rate, listening to heart sounds and the use of electrocardiograms
(ECGs).
An increase in physical activity increases the pulse rate, which can rise to 200 beats per
minute. After exercise has stopped, the pulse rate gradually drops to its resting state.

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