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general pathology of cancer lecture notes £7.49
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general pathology of cancer lecture notes
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contains notes on: neoplasia, non-hereditary and sporadic cancers, carcinoma in situ, tumour progression, classification, classification by behaviour, differentiation, clinical effects, tumour grading, cancer staging

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  • December 21, 2023
  • 4
  • 2020/2021
  • Lecture notes
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General pathology of cancer
Definitions
 Tumour – neoplasm – abnormal mass of cells
 Cancer – malignant tumour or neoplasm – sustained proliferations, evades cell
death, genomic instability, evades host immunity
Cell cycle
 Regulated cell growth
 Growth and inhibition is regulated and cyclin dependent
 4 phases
 2 checkpoints
 Most cells are in the transient phase except nerve and brain cells
 Most can be induced into it by damage or injury
 Only good quality DNA should be passed on as cell death is triggered if cells aren’t
good
Neoplasia
 Four classes of normal regulatory genes
 Any of these having a mutation can result in neoplasia
o Predisposition of cancer
o Inherited mutations
o Occurs in cells that can be passed on
o 5-10% arise out of this germline mutation
o Highly penetrant mutations
o BRCA1/2 – breast and ovarian cancers an example
 10-15% cancers are familial – without clearly defined pattern of inheritance, gene-
environment interplay
 80% sporadic
Non-hereditary or sporadic
 Age
 Environment
 Personal/lifestyle
 Chronic inflammatory conditions
 Carcinogens
 Cause genetic damage
 Chemical
 Radiation
 Microorganisms and viruses
Chemical carcinogens
 Can act directly
 Metabolic activation for conversions unless they are direct acting
 Primary target is DNA
Radiation and microbial agents
 UV rays – skin cancers
 HPV
 Radiation carcinogenesis
 UVB – induces cancers by the formation of parts on DNA
HPV
 Vaccine for HPV 16 and 18 for cervical cancer

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