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Summary Pancreas Function, insulin types and diabetes
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Full summary of the pancreas, all its functions and how food is processed in the body to release insulin. And all about insulin and type 1 diabetes

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  • December 30, 2023
  • 8
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

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Pancreas Function and Diabetes
Glucose metabolism and absorption into the small intestine after we eat.




 Glucose is a monosaccharide.
 Glucose levels rise after we eat a meal.
 Polysaccharides are digested to monosaccharides prior to absorption.
 Different carbohydrates are broken down to different enzymes.
 When broken down to glucose monomers it is absorbed by the small intestines by
cotransport with sodium ions
 Sodium-dependent hexone: transporter that carries glucose to the enterocyte
(intestine cell wall)
 Then it enters the bloodstream via GLUT2 by facilitated diffusion
How does the body respond to food?
 Increased glucose levels occur when we eat.
 Insulin is released when levels of blood glucose increase.
 Glucose is then taken up into cells, so blood glucose levels decrease.
 This occurs because the body uses glucose as a source of fuel.
Oral or IV glucose more effective
 Oral glucose because it stimulates the release from the gut of incretin hormones.
 This stimulates insulin secretion.
 To increase glucose uptake into cells
What causes hypoglycaemia? 2 things
 Too low blood glucose
 Or excessive exogenous insulin
What are incretins?
 group of hormones that regulate blood glucose.
 these influence insulin secretion and glucose metabolism.
 released from the GI tract.
 in response to food intake
What are the two types of incretins? Where are they produced?
GIP
o Gastric inhibitory peptide
o Produced by K cells (found ion duodenum).
o It stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
o In response to glucose in digested food.
o Promotes the storage of glucose into cells.
GLP-1
o Glucagon like peptide 1
o Produced by L cells in the small intestine and colon of enterocytes.

, o Stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas in response to elevated blood
glucose levels.
o Promotes the uptake of glucose.
o Slows down gastric emptying.
o Suppresses glucagon release by alpha cells.
o The amount of these produced is proportional to the amount of food
consumed.

How does GIP and GLP-1 cause an insulinotropic effect? Where and how do they work?
 Insulinotropic: stimulate insulin.
 GIP
o Binds to GIPR
o Triggers increased intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ levels.
o In pancreatic beta cells.
o Causing insulin release.
 GLP-1
o Binds to GLP-1R.
o This does the same as GIP.
 Both inhibit gastric emptying and decrease food intake.
 Inhibits glucagon secretion.
 Slows the rate of endogenous glucose production.
How do we control the amount of insulin released via negative feedback in terms of GIP and
GLP-1?
 GIP and GLP-1 are degraded quickly by DPP4 enzyme.
 To prevent glucose levels becoming too low
How does the body respond to insulin?




 Increases glucose uptake into muscle via GLUT4.
 Increases glycogen synthesis.
 Decreases gluconeogenesis in the liver.
 Decreases glycogen breakdown.
Where in the body, what organs, does insulin effect?
 Liver
 Adipose
 Muscle
 Pancreas
 Small intestine

How is insulin synthesised and then activated for use?

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