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Summary Comparing means Part 1 Notes

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A summary of part 1 in a concise and easy to read manner

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  • January 18, 2024
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Comparing Means Part 1

Part One – significance testing and the independent samples t-test

Comparing means
 A step beyond comparing descriptives
 In experimental research, the interest is about manipulating an independent variable
in order to make a causal inference
 E.g. does listening to music improve exam performance – so we are comparing the
exam performance of music vs non music groups

Statistical significance
 The technical question asked: how likely is it that we should have obtained the
results that we did, assuming that the null hypothesis about the population is true?
 In other words – are differences between conditions so different we can truly say the
independent variable influences the dependent variable?
 This is why we conduct tests of significance

Significance testing
 Tests the probability of finding the differences in our results, assuming that the null
hyp. Of our population should be true
 In psych, we are looking for a probability value (/p value) of 5% or less (i.e. p_<.05)
 If significant results were “unlikely to occur by chance”
 If not say results are non-significant (NOT insignificant)
 ^^as other factors could have influenced results hence its appropriate to say its non
significant

The T-test
 Created by W.S Gosset under the pseudonym ‘Student’
o Testing whether yeast in beer batches affect quality
 As gusset went under the name ‘student’ the test statistic is called Student’s t
 When your performing statistical analyses and you get outputs you may find that
statistical tests have test statistic values such as students t e.g. pearson’s R or
spearman’s Rho
 t = observed difference between - expected difference between population
sample means means (assuming H0 is true)
estimate to the standard error of the difference between the
two sample means

 use this to create significant values but majority of time use SPSS to calculate t
values and p values also

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