Lecture notes
Ligand Binding
- Module
- BIOL1026 (BIOL1026)
- Institution
- University Of Southampton (UOS)
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Physical ChemistryLigand Binding
Ligand Binding
Life: Property/ Quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in
functions such as:
Metabolism- sum of chemical reactions that occur within living organism
o consists of catabolism (breakdown of substances) and anabolism (build-up of substances)
o Enzymes + Control
Growth- increase in dry weight of organism through cell division and cell enlargement
o Substances are either imported or manufactured within cell
o Enzymes + Transporters + Control
Reproduction- production of new/ similar individuals from parent organisms
o Sperm and oocyte come together to trigger metabolic changes and growth/ division
o DNA + Control
Response to stimuli or adaptation to environment- originating from within organism
o Smell of lovely meal triggers anticipation and feelings of hunger; heat from strong fire leads you to
moving further away
o Receptors + Control
Control- turning on/off specific genes, cellular pathways or function of enzymes, transporters and receptors
Cellular Metabolic Pathways
Cellular Signalling Pathways
How is this all achieved?
Nucleus- gene regulation
Structural components of cell
Various forms of intracellular regulation
Transport of solutes/ metabolites/ signalling molecules in and out of cells
Transport withing cells for proper localisation of components
Cell-Cell interactions
Extracellular process- immunology, hormones, regulation
Etc
Interactions in Ligand Binding
Enzymes- substrates, cofactors
Transporters- substrates, ions, (ligands)
Ion channels- ligand, ions
Receptors- ligand, ions
Proteins- ligands, proteins, DNA, RNA, ions
DNA- ligands, DNA, proteins
RNA- ligands, proteins
Ligand Binding
Life- contained series of controlled chemical reactions in aqueous environment- i.e. Biochemistry- results in metabolism,
growth, reproduction and response to stimuli
, Protein + Ligand ⇌ Protein- Ligand complex → Biological outcome
o P + L ⇌ PL
Receptor + Ligand ⇌ Receptor- Ligand complex
Receptor + Drug ⇌ Receptor- Drug complex
o R + D ⇌ RD
What is a receptor?
To neuroscientist- protein that binds neurotransmitter/ modulator
To cell biologist/ biochemist- protein that binds small molecule
- protein that binds another protein
- nucleic acid that binds protein
To toxicologist- macromolecule that binds toxicant
Etc.
Molecular Recognition- non-covalent forces
Characterising a system
Properties used to characterise P + L ⇌ PL reaction
1) Kinetics- rate at which something appears/ disappears
2) Their affinities- strength of interaction between e.g. protein and ligand
Equilibrium Constant
Association Constant
General case of protein (P) binding ligand (L) : P + L ⇌ PL - here PL represents non-covalent protein-ligand complex
The equilibrium constant ([products]/[reactants]) for reaction is:
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