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NCE/Human Growth and Development with correct answers

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NCE/Human Growth and DevelopmentPsychoanalytical Theories - correct answer Assume that biological forces drive people and that the individual must struggle to control or channel them. Believe developmental proceeds in stages, and that personality characteristic developed in childhood remain stable...

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  • March 20, 2024
  • 18
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • ncehuman growth and development

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  • NCE.
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NCE/Human Growth and Development
Psychoanalytical Theories - correct answer Assume that biological forces drive people and that the individual must struggle to control or channel them. Believe developmental proceeds in stages, and that personality characteristic developed in childhood remain stable over time.
Sigmund Freud - correct answer Believed biological drives (sex and aggression) were the primary motivators of human behavior. He believed that personality developed in psychosexual stages.
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital - correct answer Pleasure focuses around the mouth-birth to 10mths,
Pleasure focuses around the anus and the process of elimination-1 to 3 yrs. Pleasure focuses around the genitals-3 to 5 yrs. Dormancy of sexual desires-6 to 12 yrs.
Erik Erikson - correct answer A)Erikson stresses the role of social (verses sexual) factors and his stages of development each involve a different pshychosocial crises
B) Erikson places greater emphasis on the ego than on the id
C) Erikson views personality development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan and involves an increasing "widening circle" of contacts with significant individuals, social institutions, and cultural practices
Trust vs Mistrust (sensory state infancy) - correct answer Birth-2yrs, If feeding is pleasent____develops. Parents are central to social expansion of the child.
Autonomy vs.Shame - correct answer 2yrs, Growing mastery of motor skills. If not allowed some independence at this stage, child may begin to feel _____and begin doubting own powers. Parents are central expansion of the child.
Initiative vs. Guilt - correct answer (Locomotor or genital age)3-5yrs, Awareness begins to extend to other people and things. Curiosity develops. Sharing with others takes place as well as role exploration, which develops______. Parents are central to social exansion of the child. Industry vs. Inferiority - correct answer (School Age) 6yrs to adolescent, Child begins learning values and
skills of society. Recognition for accomplishments promotes_____.Peers are central to social expansion of child.
Identity vs. Role confusion - correct answer (Puberty and adolescense) 12-18yrs, process of finding out "Who am I" Failure leads to fasle sense of self. Peers are central to social expansion of the child.
Intimacy vs. Isolation - correct answer (Young Adulthood) The stage at which meaningful and intimate relationships are developed. Peers are central to social expansion of the young person.
Generativity vs. Stagnation - correct answer (Middle Adulthood) The ability to continue producing, reproducing and developing vs. sitting back, not growing and futhering oneself. Partners and intimate friends are central to social expansion.
Integrity vs. Despair - correct answer (Older Adulthood) Those who have been successful in solving life's crises reach ego_____. They look back with a sense of achievement as opposed to feeling of______because of an imcomplete life. Mankind is central to social expansion.
Jane Loevinger-Ego Development - correct answer Like Erik Erikson theory, believes that stages are important in revealing one's impulsiveness, self-protectiveness, conformity, conscientiousness, and autonomy.
Jane Loevinger-Stages of Ego Development - correct answer Presocial, Symbotic, Impulsive, Self-
protective, Conformist.
Learning theorists - correct answer Believe that human beings are born neither good nor bad. The prominent idea is that people do nothing more than respond to their environment.
Ivan Pavlov(Classical Conditioning) Uncondtional Stimulus - correct answer The stimulus that already evokes an uconditional response. Ex. Meat(UCS)-->salivation (UCR).
Conditioned Stimulus - correct answer The stimulus is paired with unconditined stimulus in hopes that it
will eventually evoke a similar response when presented alone. Conditioned Stimulus - correct answer After several pairings the CS (Bell) will hopefully be able to evoke a conditioned response (salivation) when presented without the UCS(meat).
Systematic Desensitization-Classical - correct answer Developed by Joseph Wolpe from the work of Jacobsem (anxiety/fear) (relaxation response). Based upon principles of counterconditioning.
Reactive or Internal Inhibition-Classical - correct answer Flooding, anxiety evoking stimulus is presented continuously, leading to fatigue and evetual unlearning.
Counterconditioning-Classical - correct answer A stronger pleasant stimulus is paired with a weaker aversive stimulus.
Aversive Conditioning-Classical - correct answer An alcoholic is given antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called_____. The idea here is to pair the alcohol with an aversive, somewhat unpleasent stimulus to reduce the satisfaction of drinking it.
Operant Conditioning-B.F.Skinner - correct answer A response is learned because of the consequences that follow. The organism has to do something before it can be conditioned.
B.F. Skinner-Primary Reinforcement - correct answer Reinforcement satisfies a primary need. Ex. Food.
B.F.Skinner-Secondary Reinforcement - correct answer Reinforcement includes reinforcers that have somehow been associated with primary reinforcers in the past so that they acquired reinforcing qualities. Ex. Money
B.F.Skinner-Positive Reinforcement - correct answer Think of it as adding something in order to increase a response. For example, adding a treat will increase the response of sitting; adding praise will increase the chances of your child cleaning his or her room.
B.F. Skinner-Negative Reinforcement - correct answer Think of this reinforcement as taking something away in order to increase a response. Imagine a teenager who is nagged by his mother to take out the garbage week after week. After complaining to his friends about the nagging, he finally one day performs
the task and to his amazement, the nagging stops. The elimination of this negative stimulus is reinforcing
and will likely increase the chances that he will take out the garbage next week.

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