Lecture notes

Cellular oncogenes & tumours

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Module
Cell and molecular biology of cancer (BS3540)

Institution
Royal Holloway University Of London

Molecular and cellular overview of oncogenes and tumours, nomenclature, tumour progression & classification, origin of cell types, images and graphs, metastases and more! It is 23 pages and involves protein structures and the cellular aspects of cancers.

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Uploaded on March 21, 2024
Number of pages 23
Written in 2023/2024
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Dr lazlo bogre
Contains Lecture 1

BS3540

Lecture 1: Introduction & cellular oncogenes

The Hallmarks of Cancer:

The 10 Hallmarks of Cancer as of 2011; 2 New Emerging Hallmarks and 2 Enabling
Characteristics:

Allows cancer cells to evade
The capability to modify, or immunological destruction, in
reprogram, cellular metabolism particular by T and B
in order to most effectively lymphocytes, macrophages, and
support neoplastic proliferation. natural killer cells.

Genomic instability and
Inflammation by innate immune cells designed to fight
thus mutability endow
infections and heal wounds can instead result in their
cancer cells with genetic
inadvertent support of multiple hallmark capabilities,
alterations that drive tumor thereby manifesting the now widely appreciated tumor-
progression. promoting consequences of inflammatory responses.

Tumours arise from normal tissues:

Histological section of the lining of small intestine reveals a
continuity between normal and cancerous tissue.

,Cancers seem to develop progressively:

Nomenclature based on the degree of abnormality
- Hyperplastic: deregulated proliferation, but retain the ability to assemble into tissues
- Metaplasia: One type of normal cell layer is displaced by cells of another type.
- Dysplastic: Cells become abnormal (e.g. nuclear size and shape).
- Adenomas, polyps, papillomas, warts: large growth of epithelial tissues, but contain
all cell types found in normal epithelia. Respect the boundary created by the
basement membrane.
- Neoplasias: Invade underlying tissues.

Tumour progression
normal hyperplastic dysplastic neoplastic metastatic

Tumour classifications:
Degree of aggressive growth
- Benign: localised, non-invasive.
- Malignant: invasive, metastatic.

Origin of cell types:
Epithelial
- Carcinomas: Epithelia (80% of cancer related deaths)
Mesenchimal
- Sarcomas: Connective tissues, mesenchymal cell types: (1% of tumours).
Hemotopoetic
- Leukemia: blood-forming non-pigmented hematopoetic tissues.
- Lymphomas: Lymphoid linage (B and T lymphocytes.
Neuroectodermal
- Neuroectodermal tumours (gliomas, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas) Central and
peripheral nervous system.
Beyond these categories
- Melanomas: melanocytes, pigmented cells of the skin.
- Anaplastic: No longer possible to trace the origin.

, Tumour: disease of malfunctioning cells

Normal versus neoplastic tissue from human breast

Tumours are created by cells that have lost its ability to
assemble and create tissues of normal form and function

Contact inhibition:
Cell transformation: conversion of normal cells into tumour
cells

Cell transformation: conversion of normal cells into tumour
cells

Anchorage independent growth: Embedding cells in
agarose or methylcellulose prevents to attach to solid
substrate and proliferation of normal, but not transformed cells.

Nude mice
- They lack thymus and highly immuno-compromised, thus
receptive for grafted tissue,
- easy to monitor
Allows to graft (inject tumour cells subcutaneously) and test
tumourigenity.

Metastases:
-Many types of tumour cells eventually release cancer
cells that migrate to distant sites in the body, where it
forms secondary tumours, known as metastases
- Metastases can often tractable to sites where the
disease of cancer had begun-the founding or primary
tumour.
- Metastases can be studied in mouse where the
spread of dark-pigment containing melanoma cells
can be traced.
- Shown the lungs of mouse where on the left the metastases was entirely blocked.

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