Exam (elaborations)

AQA ALEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 334 Questions With Correct Answers

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AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY: PAPER 1 |334 Questions| With Correct Answers. STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS STRENGTH OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: REAL LIFE APPLICATION LIMITATION OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: UNUSUAL ≠ BAD LIMITATION OF STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY: NOT EVERYONE BENEFI...

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AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY: PAPER 1 |334
Questions| With Correct Answers.

1). Statistical infrequency

 Ans: abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare, i.e. any
behaviour that is found in very few people is regarded as abnormal.

e.g. IQ - statistically unusual if below 70. diagnosed w/ intellectual disability disorder

2). Deviation from social norms

 Ans: behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a
community or society

abnormality based on social context

example: antisocial personality disorder (formerly psychopathy) - failure to conform to
lawful and culturally normal behaviour. psychopaths are abnormal because they deviate
from social norms/standards.

3). Strength of statistical infrequency: real life application

 Ans: all assessment of patients w/ mental disorders includes comparison to
statistical norms.

thus a useful part of clinical assessment.

4). Limitation of statistical infrequency: unusual ≠ bad

 Ans: IQ scores of >130 are also statistically abnormal, but people with this are not
diagnosed w/ a disorder like those who have IQ<70.

limitation because this means it should never be used alone to make a diagnosis

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, 5). Limitation of statistical infrequency: not everyone benefits from a label

 Ans: if someone is happy and fulfilled, there is no benefit from being labelled as
abnormal - could cause a negative view of self and others.

6). Limitation of deviation from social norms: culturally relative

 Ans: different cultures label people differently - creates problems for people from one
culture living w/i another culture

creates cultural bias in assessment

7). Limitation of deviation from social norms: human rights abuses

 Ans: too much reliance on this method of assessment and lead to systematic abuse
of human rights, for example diagnosing people with conditions for trying to escape
slavery or being attracted to working-class people - diagnoses used for control.

8). Failure to function adequately

 Ans: occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-to-day
living.

no longer conforming to interpersonal rules, experience personal distress, behave
irrationally or dangerously.

9). Deviation from ideal mental health

 Ans: occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health.
can overlap w/ failure to function adequately

10). Jahoda (1958)

 Ans: Six conditions of ideal mental health:
(1) positive self attitude
(2) self actualisation - realising your potential, being fulfilled.
(3) resistance to stress
(4) personal autonomy - making your own decisions, being in control.
(5) accurate perception of reality
(6) adaption to the environment.

11). Strength of failure to function adequately: recognises patient's perspective

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,  Ans: allows patient to discuss how they struggle to cope w/ everyday pressures -
captures experience of those who need help

12). Limitation of failure to function adequately: same as deviation from social norms

 Ans: hard to say when someone is really failing to function, or if they just deviate from
social norms. e.e people who live alternative lifestyles. treating this as failures of
adequate functioning limits freedom.

13). Limitation of failure to function adequately: subjective

 Ans: someone has to judge distress - patients may feel distressed but may not be
viewed as suffering.

14). Strength of deviation from ideal mental health: comprehensive

 Ans: broad criteria of mental health covers most reasons why someone may seek
help.

15). Limitation of deviation from ideal mental health: culturally relative

 Ans: Johoda's classification may be specific to western norms. emphasis on self-
actualisation may be seen as self-indulgence on collectivist cultures.

16). Limitation of deviation from ideal mental health: unrealistically high standard

 Ans: very few people actually attain all of the criteria at all times ∴ most people would
be viewed as abnormal.

17). Characteristics of phobias

 Ans: behavioural
- panic
- avoidance of phobic stimulus

emotional
- anxiety/fear
- unreasonable responses

cognitive

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, - selective attention twd phobic stimulus (difficult to focus elsewhere)
- irratoinal beliefs

18). Characteristics of depression

 Ans: behavioural
- low activity levels
- disruption to sleep/eating

emotional
- low mood
- anger

cognitive
- poor concentration
- absolutist thinking

19). Characteristics of ocd

 Ans: behavioural
- compulsions
- avoidance

emotional
- anxiety/distress
- guilt/disgust

cognitive
- obsessive thoughts
- insight into excessive anxiety (awareness that thoughts are irrational - hyper-vigilant of
obsession)

20). Two-process model

 Ans: a theory that explains the two processes that lead to the development of phobias
- they begin through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant
conditioning.

21). Acquisition of phobia thro' classical conditioning

 Ans: e.g. bitten (UCS) → fear (UCR)

dog (NS) associated w/ UCS. dog previously elicited no response.

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