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AQA A LEVEL HISTORY international relations 2019 Q4 model essay

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- AQA A LEVEL HISTORY component 2k, international relations - 2019 Q4 model essay - he only reason why the USA entered the Second World War was the Japanese attack on pearl harbor

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  • May 2, 2024
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A level 2019 Q4: The only reason why the USA entered the Second World War was the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.’ Assess the validity of this view.

The Japanese attack on pearl harbor in December 1941 was one of the significant reasons
pushing the USA to enter the second world war. Attitudes in the US prior to the attack were very
anti-war. Isolationist attitudes in the USA were prevalent immediately after the first world war,
evident from not joining the League of nations, protectionism and the introduction of the Stimson
doctrine. The neutrality act established in 1937 shaped early public beliefs of avoiding
involvement in a ‘far-away conflict’ as suspicions, tensions and distrust were increasing year by
year between the world powers. Early measures taken by the US prior to the attack on Pearl
Harbor were defensive in nature. For example, the Cash and Carry scheme was only directed
towards countries whose struggle against the Axis powers were important for USA’s defense
and survival, such as Britain, a fellow democratic power. A poll of the US public in May 1941
showed that the majority of citizens thought that participation in the first world war was a grave
mistake, with 79% of voters opposing entering the second world war voluntarily. Even as the war
escalated for other nations, the Atlantic Charter faced skepticism and criticism from isolationist
factions within the USA, who were weary of entanglement and not convinced intervention in the
second world war was needed. Due to these strong public beliefs, the House of Commons too
was not willing to intervene in the war. Public opinion on intervention in the war was massively
swayed by Japan’s attack on pearl harbor. Pearl harbor specifically was more significant than
any other attacks as it was on US soil, killing around 2000 US personnel, including civilians.
Furthermore, the attack was unexpected and Japan had not declared war on the US before the
attack. The attack on pearl harbor was seen as a direct challenge to the safety and security of
the USA, uniting the public, who were determined to defend themselves to the utmost. The
importance of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the USA's decision is evident as the USA declared
war on Japan the day after the attack in retaliation and defense.

However, the attack on pearl harbor was not the sole reason the US entered the war. In the
1930s, US policy and actions were progressively moving towards intervention; this had started
with Lend Lease and then the Atlantic Charter. The lend-lease act introduced in March 1941
saw the USA providing essential war materials to Britain, France, China and later on the USSR
which would be paid for later on. The USA provided over $50 billion dollars worth of supplies,
marking a departure from strict neutrality and aligning the US more closely to the allies. The
Atlantic Charter was a document outlining 8 key principles aimed at shaping the future of
international relations, articulating the shared values and aspirations between Britain and the
USA and was a symbolic expression of solidarity. The Atlantic Charter was seen by isolationist
factions in the USA as a precursor to deeper involvement in the war. Public opinion in the US
had started to turn more pro-war as news of Nazi brutality in Europe spread. President
Roosevelt had always felt that US intervention was morally justifiable and had warned the public
that the USA would be menaced by Germany, Italy and Japan especially following their alliance
in the Three Power Pact in 1940, further steering the US towards war. It was becoming easier to
see a route into a war against the Axis amongst an increasing number of Americans.

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