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Applied Science Unit 18 Learning Aim C
- Module
- Unit 12C
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
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12CAntibiotics
Antibiotics have a wide range of medications in combating bacterial infections. They target
bacteria, effectively stopping their growth. Various types of antibiotics are tailored to target
specific bacterial strains and infections. Penicillin disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by
blocking a key enzyme involved in peptidoglycan formation.
Azithromycin is another antibiotic effective in treating chest infections triggered by
Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additionally, it is used in combating chlamydia, a sexually
transmitted infection.
Patients can self-administer it orally.
It may be administered via injection, directly into the bloodstream, especially if oral intake is not
available due to illness or vomiting. injections are administered by the nurse at the GP surgery.
Aminoglycosides are administered by injection to treat severe infections like septicaemia.
A diverse array of antibiotics is employed in combating various bacterial infections. Beta Lactam
antibiotics like penicillin and amoxicillin used against gram-positive bacterial infections.
tetracyclines represent another antibiotic category for treating skin, gastrointestinal, ocular, and
respiratory infections. These antibiotics act by reversibly binding to bacterial ribosomes (30S),
thereby stopping bacterial protein synthesis.
Not everyone can take antibiotics due to factors like allergic reactions, particularly to common
antibiotics like penicillin, which can lead to severe side effects. In such cases, alternatives are
often prescribed, increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance development. There's also a idea
that antibiotics can solve all health issues, leading to potential overuse and increased
resistance. Common side effects like stomach pain, vomiting, headaches, and dizziness may
prevent some from using antibiotics. Cultural and religious beliefs may also stop antibiotic use,
with some viewing illness as punishment and preferring natural remedies. Additionally, the
requirement for a doctor's prescription may prevent patients from seeking treatment, especially
if symptoms are embarrassing.
Antivirals
Antivirals are medications to fight viral infections by targeting the replication process of viruses.
They work by stopping viruses to multiply and spread within the body. Antivirals are used to treat
a wide range of viral infections, including influenza (flu), herpes simplex virus, human
immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C. These medications can help reduce the duration
of symptoms. Examples of commonly used antiviral drugs include oseltamivir (Tamiflu) for
influenza, acyclovir for herpes simplex virus infections, tenofovir for HIV, and ribavirin for
hepatitis C.
, Antiviral treatments come in various forms. Oral tablets are the most common method, taken
with water. Drops or sprays are used for localised infections affecting the eyes, nose, or throat,
providing direct application to the affected area. Injections offer rapid distribution throughout the
body. The choice of administration depends on factors such as the type and severity of the
infection, patient health, and treatment goals.
In addition to oral tablets, drops or sprays, and injections, some antiviral treatments are
available in topical forms such as creams or ointments for skin infections like herpes simplex
virus (HSV) or genital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). These topical formulations
provide direct application to the affected area, promoting localised treatment and minimising
systemic side effects. Furthermore, advances in antiviral therapy have led to the development of
combination medications that target multiple stages of the viral replication cycle, enhancing
efficacy and reducing the likelihood of drug resistance. However, it's essential to use antiviral
medications responsibly, following prescribed dosages and treatment durations to maximise
effectiveness while minimising the risk of adverse effects and drug resistance.
Antiviral medication may not be suitable for everyone due to potential allergic reactions, leading
to severe side effects that need alternative treatments. Health anxiety from beliefs or cultural
backgrounds, can also contribute to not using antiviral medication, with some thinking illness as
an inevitable part of life. Physicians must carefully assess patients' existing medications to avoid
harmful interactions when prescribing antivirals, especially alongside drugs for chronic
conditions. Overuse of antivirals can lead to the development of drug-resistant viruses, limiting
treatment options.
Antiretroviral
These drugs are used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. By stopping viral replication, ARVs help to
reduce the viral load in the body, allowing the immune system to recover.
Antiretroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS is given through oral tablets or capsules. These are
convenient and effective for most individuals, allowing them to take their medications at home
without the need for medical professionals.
The majority of antiretroviral drugs come in tablet or capsule form, which are taken orally with
water. Some medications may need to be taken with food or on an empty stomach.
However, in some cases, particularly for individuals who have difficulty swallowing pills or who
require alternative options due to specific medical conditions, antiretroviral drugs may be
available in other ways
These involve receiving an injection of the medication either monthly or less frequently, rather
than taking daily oral medications. This option may be suitable for individuals who have difficulty
sticking to a daily pill
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