Summary

Summary Psychology paper 1 definitions & evaluations

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Module
Introduction to psychology

Institution
AQA

Includes some A01 definitions and evaluation points for each key study/theory including all topics in paper one except research methods

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Social influence: AO1 definitions Locus of control - an explanation of either Identification - a change in an individuals
resistance or conformity to social influence. behaviour and internal beliefs to that of a
The idea of an individual to explain events in specific group, but only in the presence of
their life, either by attributing them to external that group
or internal control

Informational social influence (ISI) - when an Agentic state - an explanation of obedience, Internalisation - a complete change in an
individual conforms due to the belief that in which individuals carry out orders as an individuals behaviour and internal beliefs to
someone holds more knowledge than ‘agent’ for a figure of authority. These that of a specific group. These changes exist
themselves and therefore is more likely to be individuals no longer view their decisions as outside of the presence of the group,
right autonomous or take responsibility for their
actions

Normative social influence (NSI) - when an Compliance - a superficial change in an Legitimacy of authority - an explanation of
individual conforms due to the belief that they individuals behaviour to comply with that of a obedience in which an individual obeys
will be ostracised or perceived negatively if group, which only exists in the presence of someone in a perceived higher position of
they do not the group. The individuals internal beliefs authority or in the social hierarchy.
remain unchanged

Social influence: AO3 evaluation Milgram: Asch:
Zimbardo stanford prison experiment: + Practical applications - milgram's - Questions of ecological/external
+ Practical applications - Zimbardo's experiments demonstrate the extent validity - guessing the lengths of lines
study demonstrates the influence of to which humans will obey authority - is a specific and unusual task, as
conformity to social roles, which is an even if doing so may be dangerous. such, it is not clear the extent of
important psychological insight that There are several examples in real which Asch’s finding generalise to
has resulted in useful applications in life of typically junior doctors and conformity in the real world
society. For example, zimbardo's nurses following orders that have - Gender bias (I&D) - all the pps in
research prompted reform in the way injured or killed patients. Training Asch’s study were male, so it is not
juvenile prisoners were treated (at junior doctors and nurses of the clear whether the findings are valid in
least initially) dangers of obedience (as females as well
- Questions of ecological/external demonstrated by Milgram's - Ethical concerns - asch told pps they

, validity - both the guards and experiments) could avoid this. were taking part in a study of visual
prisoners knew they were taking part Further point: however, the findings perception, and thus did not give
in a study, and so this might have can also be criticised for this because informed consent to the actual study
affected how they behaved. For in other cases of real life obedience, (which was studying conformity)
example, they might have felt they such as guards who were ‘just
were expected to act a certain way following orders’ in nazi germany, this
(demand characteristics). This is conclusion is insensitive because it
somewhat confirmed with post-study implies that these people who
interviews: many of the pps said they committed heinous acts towards
were just acting, as such, the findings jewish people were only doing so in
of the study may not be applicable to the face of authority, which further
real life scenarios implies they were not solely
- Ethical concerns - it's clear the study responsible for their actions.
subjected many of the pps to high - Unethical - Milgram's study was
levels of stress, as evidenced by the initially considered so unethical that
prisoner who ‘went crazy’ and had to Milgram's membership of the
be released, as well as the other pps american psychological association
who had to be released. Further, pps was suspended. Among the criticisms
did not explicitly consent to all was the extreme stress placed upon
aspects of the experiment, such as the pps, as evidenced by the three
being ‘arrested’ who even suffered seizures.
However, the participants were
debriefed after the study and it can be
argued that the findings of the
experiments are so valuable that the
benefits of conducting the outweigh
the distress caused to participants
- Methodological concerns - there have
also been several methodological
criticisms levelled at Milgram's study.
For example, some psychologists
didn't actually believe the shocks
were real. If so, then Milgram's
findings would likely not be valid

, when applied to real life. However , in
post study interviews, 75% of
participants said they believed the
shocks were real. And further, the
physiological symptoms of stress
observed in many of participants
suggest they really believed they
were inflicting harm

Memory: AO1 Capacity - the Central executive - Coding - the way Duration - the length Episodic buffer - a
definitions maximum amount of an important feature different memory of time a memory component of the
information that of the working systems store stays stored. working memory
memory can hold memory model that is information, by model that puts
(7+/-2) poorly understood, converting that information from all
but is said to direct information into a the other
information to the suitable format for components to make
appropriate slave the brain. a combined, sensible
systems in the model memory.

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