APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANS-Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It
has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? - ANS-a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only
neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? - ANS-A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? - ANS-A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into
the bloodstream and act on target cells
What is an exocrine gland? - ANS-A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a
body surface.
Where is the thymus located? - ANS-mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? - ANS-center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? - ANS-abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? - ANS-sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of
the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? - ANS-on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located? - ANS-posterior to the stomach
What are the two steroid hormones? - ANS-Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones - ANS--diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or
nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
,Describe non-steroid hormones. - ANS-Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins.
The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone
to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell,
activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? - ANS-The
anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for
the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the
posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository
for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ANS-Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones - ANS-stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
anterior pituitary hormones - ANS-ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and
stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones - ANS-ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive
tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones - ANS-Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones - ANS-PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and
decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys,
and intestines
adrenal cortex hormones - ANS-Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium
and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism
Pancreas hormones - ANS-Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into
glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon
and insulin
pineal gland hormone - ANS-Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian
rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones - ANS-Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T
lymphocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike? - ANS-Both work to keep blood glucose
concentration constant
How are glucagon and insulin different? - ANS-Glucagon stimulates the liver to break
down glycogen into glucose and insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from
glucose
How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus? - ANS-Diabetes insipitus - a
person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of urine output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes no
insulin. Type 2 occurs when the body reaches insulin resistance
How are pheromones different than hormones? - ANS-Pheromones are a type of
hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction
between people.
How does aging affect the endocrine system? - ANS-As people get older, their
endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular strength decreases as GH levels
decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin
levels decrease, and insulin resistance may develop.
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