APHY 102 Final Exam Study guide
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ANS-Releasing hormones from the
hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANS-Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It
has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin - ANS-Glucagon stimulates the liver to
break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the
breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose
and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and promotes
transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones - ANS-is a chemical signal sent between
members of the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released in small
quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - ANS-Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative
feedback. This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the
testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein
hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? - ANS-a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only
neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? - ANS-A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? - ANS-Secretes hormones into the internal environment
What are exocrine glands? - ANS-have secretions that enter tubes or ducts that lead to
body surfaces.
,What is diabetes insipidus? - ANS-is the impairment of ADH regulation of water
balance. Tumors and injury affecting the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary can cause
this. You are always thirsty and have large amounts of urine output.
What is diabetes mellitus? - ANS-There are two kinds - type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 is when the pancreas cannot produce insulin. It is an autoimmune disorder in
which the immune system attacks the pancreatic beta cells. This destroys the ability to
produce insulin.
Type 2 is non insulin dependents. Cells lose their insulin receptors and are less able to
respond to insulin. Insulin
Describe steroid hormones - ANS-Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid
hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they
combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote
transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects. They are
derived from cholesterol. Vitamin D is a modified steroid.
Describe tropic hormones - ANS-Stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones.
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary glands release of this type of hormone
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - ANS-Blood is about 8% of body
weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in
males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Platelets are usually 150,000-450,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is
between 7.35 - 7.45
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - ANS-When a Rh
negative mother is pregnant with a Rh positive baby, the 1st pregnancy will probably be
ok. But if the Rh positive baby's blood gets into the mother's blood circulation like with
the placenta tearing then they can stimulate the mother's blood to start producing anti
Rh antibodies. If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh positive baby, then the
anti Rh antibodies called hemolysins can cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red
blood cells. The condition is called erythroblastosis fetalis.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found on Plasma? -
ANS-Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A Anti - B
B B Anti - A
AB A & B Neither anti A or anti B
,O Neither A or B Both anti A & anti B
How do antigens and antibodies create different blood types? - ANS-The different
combinations of antigens and antibodies distinguish blood type
Differentiate between the different leukocytes. - ANS-Neutrophils - most numerous,
54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight infections, elevated in bacterial infections,
multi-lobed nucleus.
Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight allergic reactions
and against parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and heparin, <1% of
WBCs.
Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei, become
macrophages, 3-9% of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin
rim of cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils are what type of cells and where do they
originate from? - ANS-Granulocytes and develop in the red bone marrow
Where do monocytes and lymphocytes come from and what type of cell are they? -
ANS-Agranulocyte, and come from the red bone marrow, but lymphocytes also come
from the organs of the lymphatic system.
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - ANS-RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
Describe the steps in clot formation. - ANS-Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
, What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - ANS-Type A blood can
receive either type A or type O blood and can give to either type A or type AB blood.
Type B can receive either type B or type O and can give to either type B or type AB
blood.
Type AB is the universal recipient and can receive types A, B, and O blood, but can only
give to type AB blood.
Type O is the universal donor so it can only receive blood from type O, but can give
blood to types A, B, and O blood.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC. - ANS-4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
What is normal levels of WBC - ANS-4,500 - 10,000
What is normal level of platelets - ANS-150,000 - 450,000
What is serum? - ANS-Plasma minus all of its fibrinogen and most other clotting factors.
It is the fluid portion of coagulated blood.
What is plasma? - ANS-The liquid part of the blood in which cells and platelets are
suspended. It is 92 % water and contains organic and inorganic biochemical. They
transport nutrients, gases, and vitamins. It helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
and maintaining pH.
What is the hematocrit? - ANS-Most blood samples are about 45% red blood cells by
volume. This is also known as packed cell volume.
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? - ANS-It is determined by cardiac
output and peripheral resistance. BP = CO x PR. Cardiac output depends on the stroke
volume and heart rate. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped in a single beat
and is reflected by the difference between end diastolic, the volume of blood in each
ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole and end systolic volume, the volume of blood
in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole. The vasomotor center of the medulla
oblongata continually sends sympathetic impulses to the smooth muscles in the
arteriole walls keeping them in a state of tonic contraction which helps maintain the
peripheral resistance. The vasomotor center responds to changes in blood pressure so
it can increase peripheral resistance y increasing its outflow of sympathetic impulses. Or
