This is a summary of the entire A Level Physical Education Anatomy and Physiology and Biomechanical movement modules... that got me a 9 at A level. It contains statistics and case studies while leaving space for academic drawings to facilitate revision.
Left side of the heart is larger as it
needs to pump the blood all
around the body whereas the
right-side pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs (closer
proximity to heart).
Key Terms:
Cardiac Hypertrophy - the thickening of the muscular wall so the heart gets
bigger and stronger
Bradycardia - decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm.
________________________________________________________
Heart Rate - The number of times the heart beats in a minute - (bpm)
Stroke Volume - The amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat - (ml)
Cardiac Output -The amount of blood ejected from the heart
per minute - (l/min)
,Venous Return - Return of blood back to the heart.
Starlings Law of the Heart - An increase in venous return resulting in an increase
in stroke volume during exercise.
Cardiac Cycle - consists of diastole and systole
Diastole - The period when the ventricles and atria are relaxed, allowing blood
to flow into them.
- atria relax, allowing blood to flow into them.
- The atrioventricular valves are shut at this point which
prevents blood flow into the ventricles.
- As pressure builds in the atria, the atrioventricular
valves open and blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.
- However, it does not flow into the aorta or pulmonary
artery due to semilunar valves.
Systole - The period when the ventricles and atria are contracting, allowing
blood to flow out of the heart.
- The Atria contract, allowing any remaining blood to flow
into the ventricles.
- The ventricles contract which raises the blood
Conduction System (SAABPV)
S – Sino-atrial node
A - Atrial systole (contraction)
A - atrioventricular node
B - Bundle of His
P - Purkinje fibres
V - Ventricular systole (contraction)
1. Sino-atrial node sends an impulse across the atria that stimulates them to
contracts.
2. Impulses arrive at the atrioventricular node, where it is delayed, allowing
the ventricles to fully fill with blood.
3. The impulse travels down the bundle of His located in the septum.
, 4. The impulse travels along the Purkinje fibres which branch along the base
of the right and left ventricle and cause the ventricles to contract.
Transportation of Oxygen
Haemoglobin - carries four oxygen molecules to make
oxyhaemoglobin. This is transported to the muscle tissues,
where oxygen is released as a result of low pressure
Myoglobin - Myoglobin stores oxygen within the muscle tissue
and does this until the oxygen needs to be used up.
Sport + activity health benefits:
- Prevents heart disease by improving blood circulation and reducing high
blood pressure.
- Reduces high cholesterol by reducing weight, which reduces the amount of
low-density lipoproteins (LDL), e.g. bad cholesterol, in the blood. (HDL are the
good cholesterol). Exercise increases HDL.
- Prevents a stroke (caused by the shut-off of oxygen to the brain) by reducing
high blood pressure and promoting weight loss, which in turn promotes
blood circulation to the brain.
Atherosclerosis – occurs when arteries harden = narrow as they become
clogged up by fatty deposits.
Atheroma – a fatty deposit found in the inner lining of artery.
Angina – chest pain that occurs when there = restricted blood supply to heart
through coronary arteries.
Ischaemic stroke – the most common + occur when a blood clot stops blood
supply to brain.
Haemorrhagic stroke – occurs when a weakened blood vessel supplying the
brain bursts.
, Sport + activity fitness benefits:
- Cardiac output → trained individuals have a higher cardiac output than
untrained. This is due to the heart getting stronger + more efficient from
cardiac hypertrophy, the heart can pump more blood per beat meaning it
needs to beat less to supply oxygen to tissues. Leading to a lower resting
heart rate.
- Components of fitness improved → allows athlete to meet the demands of
activities inside and outside.
Cardiovascular System during excersise;
Regulation of Heart Rate
Controlled by 3 factors:
Neural Hormonal Intrinsic
Factors Factors Factors
The cardiac control centre (in Heart rate can be controlled Intrinsic factors such as
medulla oblongata) is informed by: by two hormones: the core temperature of the
• Baroceptors – respond to Adrenaline – increases heart body control the heart rate.
blood pressure rate by stimulating the When the core temperature
• Proprioceptors – respond adrenergic receptors and SA is too high, the heart rate
to muscle activity. node. increases in order to
• Chemoreceptors – respond Noradrenaline – is released increase blood flow to the
to increased levels of during stressful situations in skin where heat can be
carbon dioxide in blood. order to increase the heart lost.
The cardiac control centre can rate and prepare the body to
increase heart rate by stimulating deal with the situation.
the SA node via sympathetic
nerves or decrease heart rate by
inhibiting the SA node via
parasympathetic nerves.
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