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Triumph of Elizabeth I (part 2)
Mind maps covering the Triumph of Elizabeth I (part one). Covers the themes of Foreign Policy, Succession, Rebellions, Society, Poor Laws, and Key Government and Religious Figures.
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HER AIMSStrengthen trade
Establish England as the leading
Protestant nation (allies)
End the inherited war with France
Consolidate the Elizabethan
Church (have it internationally
FOREIGN POLICY
recognised)
Maintain peace (£££) early aim MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS
THE SUCCESSION
Strengthen national security
Secure the succession - Mary fled to England in 1567.
- Some English Catholics saw her as the rightful monarch & she became the focus of plots to overthrow E.
- Matters were worsened when in 1570, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth, absolving English Catholics from the
need to obey the monarch. In response, the Council tightened treason laws.
ANGLO-SPANISH RELATIONS OVERVIEW New table
MARRIAGE ISSUES DATE CATHOLIC PLOT THREAT TO E
Why was there conflict?
- E's status as a single woman, meant the issue of succession was at the forefront of her ministers' minds. If E died prematurely with no heirs, it left - Philip II wanted the Netherlands under more direct Spanish (Catholic) control to root out heresy.
1571 - The Ridolfi Plot Involved a conspiracy for MQofS to marry Duke of 2 - called into question the loyalty of the
England vulnerable to Catholic seizure and foreign invasion. - E was under pressure from her councillors to aid the Dutch Protestants. She was reluctant, having suffered Norfolk & overthrow E. Burghley secured the members of her Council, but no action
- However, E regarded it as laying inside her royal prerogative & that it should not be discussed by her P.C. or Parliament. heavily from her earlier French adventure. It was in her best interests to keep the peace (especially early on) execution of Norfolk for treason (1572), Parliament taken against M.
as England didn't have the finances to fund war. tightened treason laws, but E refused to agree to
In the early years, potential suitors included... - As well as gaining Protestant allies, E needed to maintain good relations with the Spanish Netherlands as 3/4
M's execution.
1. Robert Dudley (E's preference). BUT it horrified Cecil (enemies) who was paramount to government stability. He was a puritan (might influence religious of all English trade went through Antwerp. The Netherlands was a major trading partner. 1583 - Throckmorton Foreign landings in Sussex wanting to replace E 3 - Throckmorton executed, and Mary was
policy). - E felt uncomfortable Spain was trying to control it more: as it headed up the Catholic League, relations were with M. Backed by Spanish gov & Catholic Church. moved to more secure accommodation at
2. Philip II of Spain - offered his hand in a polite gesture, but he was Catholic. bound to be strained. Foiled by the efficiency of Walsingham's espionage Tutbury Castle & led to tightening of anti-
network. Throckmorton executed. Catholic laws.Worsened Anglo-Spanish
3. Archdukes Ferdinand & Charles - Both Catholic. - Spain had also 'betrayed' England under Mary I, abandoning England to fight France alone with disastrous relations.
consequences (Calais).
- In 1579, Burghley (Cecil) proposed a marriage to Francois, Duke of Anjou (heir presumptive of France), but the possibility of a French heir was too 1585 - Parry A welsh courtier and spy who planned to 1 - the work of one individual & dealt with
threatening. E contemplated marrying Course...
assassinate E. He was arrested and swiftly quickly. Accelerated Parliamentary
executed. proceedings on a bill to ensure E's safety
the Duke of Anjou to retain - By 1576, the situation was precarious, and France were prepared to invade the Netherlands. (Act for the Surety of the Queen's Person).
THE SUCCESSION English influence in the - Spain made their peace with the Southern Catholic part of the Netherlands & prepared to reconquer the
- All the potential successors weren't a plausible option; for example Lady Catherine Grey (LJG sister) was E's heir presumptive in Hviii's will, but she was Netherlands! Northern Protestant part under the Duke of Parma.
1586 - Babington Mary was complicit (conversing with Babington) to 4 - Burghley finally secured MQofS
assassinate E, and was exposed by Walsingham's execution on 8th February 1587. E couldn't
disagraced through her secret marriage to the Earl of Hertford. The Catholic MQofS was also a no-go. - Here is where Elizabeth adopted a more overt anti-Spanish position, e.g. knighting Drake on codebreaker Thomas Phelippes. Babington waver any longer, there was concrete
- When Parliament met in 1563 with E looking like she might die from smallpox, her councillors were panic-stricken. circumnavigating the globe - annoyed Spain. executed, as was Mary finally. proof.
- In the 1580s, Spain began to conquer more of the North & their rebel leader was assassinated.
The final succession... - Treaty of Joinville is Spain & France both trying to push Catholicism back into the Netherlands. Catches E off
- For E, the disadvantages of marriage outweighed the advantages, so she remained single. guard. Elizabeth's reluctance to execute Mary stemmed from her notions of rulership. Monarchs were divinely ordained
- The execution of MQofS meant that her son, James VI had the best hereditary claim. - In response, E makes the Treaty of Nonsuch with the Dutch Protestant Rebels, sending troops under Earl of & to seek a fellow monarch's death could be seen as a challenge to divine law. E also feared the execution could
- James was Protestant, with 2 sons by 1600. Leicester, but this did not go well - English troops ill disciplined & lots of suspicion between the 'allies'. undermine her own security.
- Once this succession plan seemed likely, E's councillors began wooing him, even before her death in 1603.
- To the end, E refused to name a successor, but the succession passed smoothly, thanks to Robert Cecil.
TIMELINE 1596 - Further
1562 - 1572 - E helps out Spanish
Elizabeth sends Armada 1601 - A
Huguenots at St
aid to the 1567 - Elizabeth 1571 - Ridolfi plot (failed). Spanish force
Bartholomew's Early 1580s-ish - 1590 - Philip II
French 1568 - (Spain interfering Sparked by a lands in
allows Dutch Sea Massacre. Treaty 1587 - Cadiz (‘singing of orders Duke of 1595 - Drake
Spanish fleet E adopts a more Ireland but is
Huguenots, but Beggars to use with England). of Blois, mutual the king’s beard'). Direct Parma to leave the & Hawkins temporary
attacks open anti- 1598 - defeated.
Philip II peace is made English harbours. Trying to get some defence treaty attacks by English Netherland to try to attack English
Hawkins Spanish position, 1584 - Treaty Philip II Spain trying to
proposes & English (Legalised piracy Catholic influence between Britain & privateer Drake. Phillip is defend Paris. Spain, but capture of
(loses 4 e.g. knights of Joinville
now justified in retaliating of Spain exploit Irish
marriage, E into England to Cadiz
IN
driven out of that attack Spanish France. (Doesn't between Spain Leads to Dutch they both
Drake in 1581.
RE
declines. ships). topple Elizabeth. last long...) against England. Protestant gains. die. (humiliating). dies. rebellion.
France.
SP
ships). & France.
ON
SE
1558 1560 Mutual Antagonising 1570 Declining Relations 1585 Serious Deterioration 1588 Continuing War 1604
1567 - Spain
Armada! July - August
1563 - Philip issues a 1568 - Privateering 1572 - E expelled Dutch 1584 - William 1585 -Treaty of 1594 - Spain vs. 1597 - Further 1601 - Further
Trade Embargo attacks of Orange Netherlands is over, Spanish Armada
(legal - piracy, illegal), Sea Beggars from English Nonsuch (Elizabeth 1586 - E & James Spanish
Protestant (Dutch
starts ploughing (Northern) Dutch (failed). Spain
banned the import Elizabeth sponsors ports. They were forced to VI of Scotland Armada
Protestant
cash into funding now a Protestant
of English cloth to Netherlands Drake & Hawkins land in Brielle Rebel)
sign Treaty of determined to invade. (failed).
war in the independent state-
(army under Berwick, mutual Essex tasked with
the Netherlands - (English) to attack (Netherlands) where a assassinated. Elizabeth wins in a
Spain Netherlands defence treaty
intercepting it, but
'Don't help the Duke of Alva). Spanish ships. Another full-scale revolt against way, but now Spain
England - BIGGER against Spain - with an annual
Dutch Protestants!' trade embargo on Spain occurred. can focus solely on sails off chasing
about £2 million). pension to James.
ANTAGONISER attacking England. Spanish treasure
English property in (INADERTENTLY)
France instead (oops!)
Netherlands until
Scotland
1573.
The conflict ended with the deaths of Elizabeth I & Phillip II..
SPANISH ARMADA England were
frequently lucky
- The sailing of the Armada was delayed after attacks with the weather
at Cadiz in 1587.
- Finally set sail in July 1588.
- Battle of Plymouth (July), things are not going well
for Spain.
- The Armada reaches Calais in Aug, asking for the
Duke of Parma's help, but he's not ready.
- Whilst the Armada was stationary, England used
'Hell-Burners' (fire ships).
- Spain fled but English ships were faster and had
better artillery & are essentially defeated at the Battle
of Gravelines (Aug).
Nearly 50% of Spanish ships were lost & over
200,000 Spaniards killed. England lost 0 ships, and
only 100 men.
(Not the only Irish one, but most
REBELLION
significant out of all 3, and they
all had the same causes. This
also caused the Essex mess).
NORTHERN REBELLION, 1569 OXFORDSHIRE REBELLION, 1596 IRISH REBELLION (TYRONE
O'NEILL), 1596-1603
ESSEX REBELLION, 1601
KEY PLAYERS
- Led by Earls of - Happened at a time of bad
Northumberland & Westmorland harvest & unprecedented In Ulster (NI) - the Kildare's stronghold. Led by EoEssex (also EoSouthampton).
They wanted independence from Purely political, battle between court
(Peerage). poverty. Led by impoverished
England. Rebellion broke out when E factions. Essex feared losing influence to
- Wanted to defend the Catholic men (ringleader was Steer, a refused to give Tyrone the right to govern Robert Cecil. In 1599, his disastrous truce
faith. carpenter). It was anger the whole of Ulster. Led by Tyrone. with Tyrone made him look weak & a
CAUSE(S) / WHO - Linked to a conspiracy about over enclosures. But also, Appealed to the Pope & Spain for help, traitor). Had also lost his main source of ROBERT DUDLEY (EofLeicester)
Tyrone sensed opportunity, as England income (monopoly on sweet wine). He
LED IT? marrying MQoS to an English famine (1596 was the worst
was weak at this time (economic strain was under house arrest and in 1601 got WILLIAM CECIL
noble (heir to throne). harvest for 40 years), falling from Armada, so they had cut back on c.300 men, but rumours spread to P.C. & - Fervent Protestant.
- Northern Earls resented central wages, population increase, English forces in Ireland). his supporters deserted him. - Moderate Protestant - 'Lover boy' - childhood friend of E's.
What were the main causes of rebellion?
London inteference. epidemics... - Died Aug 1598, but retires c.1591, - Dies Sep 1588.
- Social discontent regarding religion (Northern & Irish
rebellions). replaced by his son, Robert Cecil. - E kicked him out of Parliament for a
- Poverty, high taxation: socio-economic (Oxfordshire - Managed the Commons. year after he pressed her to marry
rebellion). - Played an important role in (interfered with her prerogative
- Political discontent (Northern rebellion, Essex Rebellion). rights).
preparing the Crown's legislation,
'framing and often shaping bills'.
What decade saw the greatest threat?
1590s
What can we summarise about the rebellions under E? - Whilst the rebels wavered, E's Planned to rebel
The causes & factors behind the rebellions were sporadic & intelligence system (Walsingham) Never took off; only 4 - Tyrone won a military victory against
individual. The Tudor government was largely capable of the English at the Battle of Yellow Ford (depended on the support
got wind of it. The rebels were men showed up. They had in 1598 (only major military defeat by a WALSINGHAM
reacting quickly & successfully (Walsingham spy network) -
emboldened as the Council of
of Londoners - not gonna
except in Tyrone Rebellion, oops! planned to march on the rebel army in this period). E sent EoEssex
the North struggled to raise & 17,000 men but he sucked and agreed happen), but word got out, - Member of the gentry (uncommon
NARRATIVE / Lord Lieutenant of a peace. He was replaced by Mountjoy
forces & tore down Protestant he was confronted, decided in earlier P.C. but he was skilled. WHITGIFT
Oxfordshire, seize weapons (more competent) and beat a 3,500
OUTCOME? symbols & celebrating mass. Spanish army at Kinsale in 1601. to carry on. His home was - Fervent Protestant. EARL OF ESSEX
Upon hearing false rumours that & march on London. Rebels In 1603, Tyrone surrendered, giving up - Cambridge educated lawyer, joining - A resolute defender of the royal
overlordship in Ulster (but could besieged & he and 7 other
an army was coming, the rebels were ratted out, tortured, 5 the P.C. in 1573. - Dudley's stepson supremacy.
dispersed. Northumberland was
techincally still rule, just couldn't have the 'main conspirators' - He was the Catholic spy catcher - Once the bright young star of the Elizabethan - Promoted to Archb of C in 1583.
charged with treason. title).
executed. executed. (espionage). He intercepted the Court. - He was the only churchman to be
damning letter from Mary QofS to - Frozen out of court by Robert Cecil, losing his appointed by E to the P.C.
Babington. power as a faction leader.
- Died 1590 - He was in deep financial trouble (E refused to
renew his monopoly on the import of sweet
wines).
- Failed as a military leader in Ireland, and after
the Essex Rebellion in 1601, he was executed.
- As an individual loss to government, it was no
great deal but his failed rebellion reflected the
It was just the product of one
There was a lack of clear & CONTINUITY - Beyond the Pale, Ireland wider growing disenchantment with E & Robert
man's grievances. It was a poor
was still ruled for England by Irishmen (as Cecil's gov.
achievable aims & it was In the aftermath, the P.C. prosecuted
it had been since 1485). Ireland & unrealistic plan, out of touch
several local landowners for enclosing
poorly organised. Bad remained stubbornly Catholic. with political reality. He over-
illegally & restored it to common use. It's
OVERALL CHANGE - There were now far more estimated his popularity (his HATTON
timing (winter), support remarkable, considering the extent of
English officials than Irish in the
SIGNIFICANCE? economic hardship, that there was so power base in Wales too far
limited to the North. But little support - showed the gov had a
administration & English law, not Gaelic.
away). Tudor intelligence got - Studied law at Oxford.
Overall, it exhausted English funds (E
goop grip on the people, e.g. treason
the motives were spent £2 million!) & efforts & had wind. It was threat, because he - Moderate Protestant.
laws (could have dissuaded many) & poor
achieved military victory, long rebellion & - First promoted to Council
reminiscent of widespread laws had been instituted. was in E's inner circle (symbolic
first island-wide rebellion BUT ultimately because E was impressed by
discontent. E felt uneasy. England win (Tyrone flees in 1507). of wider discontent about lack of
his dancing at Court.
royal patronage too).
6/10 4/10 8.5/10 3/10
In the previous 18 months,
there had been lots of mini-
protests about food prices etc.
Perhaps it was symptomamic of
widespread discontent?
9 of the 44 harvests
during E's reign were
poor, with 4 successive
harvests (1594-97) being
very hard.
REGIONAL PROBLEMS
IRELAND WALES
Issues? Issues?
- England wanted Ireland to have the same religious & secular attitudes as them. E - No problems with border control, the old administration
wanted to impose Protestantism in a largely Catholic society. She was proclaimed system continued, but cultural & linguistic
discrepancies/problems remained & Wales was relatively
SOCIETY
'Supreme Governor of the Church of Ireland' in 1560, but hadn't done much.
poor.
Government intervention?
- Often used martial law (control by military authority) which led to strained relations. Government intervention?
- Rebellions such as Tyrone (very dangerous at one point, interlinked as Spain - They were satisfied with border control (Council of Wales &
wanted to exploit it. the Marches), they were successful in removing the Welsh
language from government proceedings, but allowed it in
It was the 3rd Irish rebellion of the reign, closely linked to the Anglo-Spanish War that religion (translated BOCP & Bible into Welsh).
SOCIAL CLASSES was more difficult & expensive to suppress. The Spanish intended to include an Irish
- This was a period where the gap between the rich and the poor widened. contingent in the Armada of 1596. For a bit, it looked as if Tyrone might establish an Effectiveness?
- By the end of E's reign, the population was c.4 million. independent and Catholic Ireland. E, in desperation sent the Earl of Essex to Ireland - Fairly effective, Scotland and Ireland provided more
- The bulk of people still lived in the countryside, though London had a population of c.150,000! (the exception) as Lord Lieutenant in 1599. He made a truce, and returned to Court. (Height of pressing issues, but not as successful with the anglicisation
- Few other cities had populations beyond 5,000. Tyrone's power). But, E sent the new LL Mountjoy who defeated the rebels & a peace of Welsh culture as they had wanted. Poverty remained
- By 1603, 40% of the population was living in poverty. was signed by Tyrone in 1603 (E already dead). epidemic (the no. of Welshmen involved in the Essex
New table Rebellion shows the level of discontent).
CONTINUITY CHANGE Effectiveness?
POVERTY & POOR RELIEF - Not massively effective, rebellions broke out, however the introduction of Mountjoy
Nobility English society remained under an After 1572, E was careful not to create any more meant this threat was neutralised. Ireland remained Catholic.
The 'impotent poor' were cared for in a poorhouse.
aristocratic domination. Dukedoms (highest peerage title) as all 4: - Left a legacy of bitterness, much of Ireland was left impoverished & expensive for
- The 'able bodied' were to be given work in a 'House of Industry'.
They get the ear of the Queen at Somerset, Northumberland, Suffolk & Norfolk the Crown.
- The idle poor & vagrants were either imprisoned or sent to a 'House of Correction'.
Court. had met a traitor's death. NORTHERN BORDER (INTO SCOTLAND)
- Pauper children were to be apprenticed to a trade.
They can get royal patronage. Had become more peaceable & less concerned
(All supervised by JP's).
with defence. Issues?
Sought prestige through massive building - Border conflict remained a high threat to national security.
Although treatment of the 'undeserving poor' was harsh, this new national system was a more enlightened approach & wealthy benefactors
projects (that could accommodate the Queen). - There remained casual violence & rustling of sheep & cattle.
gave or left more donations for almshouses, schools & hospitals.
Aristocracy tended to build indefensible country - Border security was also an issue following the 1569 rebellion, as some
houses rather than fortified castles - suggests a rebel leaders escaped into Scotland.
confidence in social order & peace. - Between 1578 - '85 border control was an issue again; In 1585, Francis
Less opportunity to fulfil a military role. VAGABONDS ACT 1572 Russell was murdered in a border incident, but skilful diplomacy sorted
POOR LAW ACT OF 1597/'98 POOR LAWS 1601 POOR LAW
- Local ratepayers should this out (James Vi gets a pension of £4,000).
Peasants/ the Found themselves vulnerable to There was a greater distinction between the be required to pay a rate 1576
- Provided a code for - Created a
poor enclosure & the persistent decline 'deserving poor' & 'impotent poor' vs the for the relief of their own poor relief, est.
- Towns required to national system
poor. 'overseers' for Government intervention?
in real wages. 'undeserving poor'. - Also severe penalties make provision for for poor relief
collection & - The tactic remained that English Wardens were appointed at the borders.
against vagrants; whipping, employment of the distribution of poor based on the
Gentry Continued to elude precise Gentry class increased in size & the proportion branding & death penalty However, like Hviii, E appointed Southerners with no Northern
'deserving poor'.
definition, embracing a wide social who were seriously wealthy went up. for 3rd offence.
relief. parish. connections to limit potential uprising, e.g. Sir John Forster).
range from knights of the shire, Landed income went up, especially after 1570 - Skilful diplomacy lowered the threat of rebellion.
political individuals like Hatton, JP's (income that a property generates without the - The president of the Council of the North was a Southern magnate, which
and modest local landowners. owner having to do actual work of the estate). infuriated the Northern nobility.
Prominent in local government (by Greater gentry tended to build indefensible - They had also tried to prevent vagrancy with the STATUTE OF ARTIFICERS in 1563. This not only maintained high craftsmanship, but by
1570). country houses rather than fortified castles - trying to tie a man to one trade, it tried to limit unemployment, which would lead to vagrancy. Effectiveness?
Served as MP's. suggests a confidence in social order & peace. - Appointing Southern wardens ended up ineffective as they had no local
landed base to control families or clans. John Forster was also more
successful in exploiting his office for financial gain.
- This skilful diplomacy secured James VI's easy accession to the English
throne later on down the line.
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