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MICROBIOLOGY 2024 EXAM QUESTIONS 100% SOLVED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
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MICROBIOLOGY 2024 EXAM QUESTIONS 100% SOLVED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE Norovirus Basic info Caliciviridae +ssRNA, naked Trans. faecal-oral, 4 F's + shellfish 1 long polypeptide -> viral proteases Risk: Cruise ships, barracks, schools, hospitals, buffet'...

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  • June 23, 2024
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MICROBIOLOGY 2024 EXAM QUESTIONS 100% SOLVED CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE

Norovirus Basic info
Caliciviridae
+ssRNA, naked
Trans. faecal-oral, 4 F's + shellfish
1 long polypeptide -> viral proteases
Risk: Cruise ships, barracks, schools, hospitals, buffet's, shellfish


Signs: Onset 12-48 hrs, lasts 48-72 hrs
1. NS Flu-like w/ acute onset emesis
2. Abdominal pain
3. watery diarrhea


Dx
1. RT-PCR of stool


Tx
1. Supportive
2. Sanitation and hygiene
non-pneumoniae Mycoplasma spp and diseases caused
non-pneumoniae Mycoplasma spp.


1. Mycoplasma hominis -> pyelonephritis, post-partum fevr
2 Mycoplasma fermentans -> pneumonia, Flu-like
3. Mycoplasma genitalium -> uretrhtitis
Primary Respiratory Tract Pathogens

,Infect healthy Respiratory Tissue
Viral:
Influenza A, B
Adenovirus
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Coronavirus (MERS, SARS, SARS CoV-2)
Human metapneumovirus (HMV)


Bacterial:
Strep. pyogenes, Strep. pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae
Chlamydia spp.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bordatella pertussis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
Mycoplasma
Secondary Respiratory Pathogens
When host immunodeficient (viral infection, injury, etc.)
Staphylococcus aureus
H. influenzae (also primary?)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Strep pneumoniae (also primary?)
Pneumonia classifications
Epidemiology: Community-acquired vs. Hospital-acquired
Etiology: Bacterial vs. Viral vs. Fungal vs. Parasitic
Course: Acute, Chronic, relapsing
Radiological: alar, bronchial, lobar, segmental
Pathological: alveolar vs. interstitial
Pneumonia Etiologies

,1. Pyogenic bacteria: Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Staph. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis
2. Non-pyogenic bacteria: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae,
Legionella pneumophila
3. Rare bacteria: B. anthracis, M. tuberculosis
4. Viruses: Influenza A/B, adenovirus, RSV, VZV, SARS, MERS, SARS CoV-2,
5. Fungi: Aspergillus spp., Pneumocystis jiroveci
6. Hospital-Acquired: MRSA, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
Clinical Signs & Symptoms of Pneumonia
Fever + Chills
Cough + chest pain
Dyspnea, tachypnea
hypoxia + cyanosis
tachycardia
malaise + fatigue
pathological sounds w/ percussion & auscultation
Diagnosis of Pneumonia
1. Imaging (X-Ray + CT), if needed


2. Inflammatory markers: CRP, ESR


3.. WBC + differential counts (neutrophils)


4. Respiratory markers: blood gases, blood saturation %


5. Micro testing:
qPCR
Microscopy of alveolar lavage or pleural fluid
Culturing: sputum, blood, pleural fluid
Serology
Defense Mechanisms of Respiratory Tract

, Submucosal->NALT + BALT (nasopharyngeal, bronchial)


Mucosal:
1. Saliva ->flushes
2. Mucus + IgA in mucus
3. lysozyme
4. Ciliated epithelium removes debris and pathogens
5. Normal Resp. tract flora
6. Alveolar macrophages (Dust cells)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Syndromes and causes
Rhinitis + coryza -> viral


pharyngitis, tonsillitis, tonsillopharyngitis-> viral or bacterial


laryngitis-> viral


epiglottitis -> H. influenzae B
Acute Tonsillopharyngitis Etiology & Clinical Signs
Etiology:
-Viral: Rhinovirus, adenovirus, EBV, HSV, Coxsackie, coronaviruses, influenza
-Bacterial: Staph. pyogenes, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, C. diphtheriae


Clinical signs:
-Local: sore throat, submandibular lymphadenopathy, swollen + red pharyngeal mucosa
+ tonsils (w/ or w/o exudate)
-Systemic: fever, malaise, headache, myalgia
Acute Tonsillopharyngitis Lab Results /Differential Dx
-> Streptococcal Tonsillitis
- ↑ CRP
- ↑ Leukocytes, ↑ Neutrophils
- Strep. pyogenes + culture

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