Methods consists of different statistical tests such as Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon, research designs and other methodology needed to know for A level and As level.
what is a Null hypothesis?
The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between two population
parameters, i.e., an independent variable and a dependent variable. If the
hypothesis shows a relationship between the two parameters, the outcome
could be due to an experimental or sampling error. However, if the null
hypothesis returns false, there is a relationship in the measured phenomenon.
what is an alternative hypothesis?
An alternative hypothesis is the inverse of a null hypothesis. An alternative
hypothesis and a null hypothesis are mutually exclusive, which means that
only one of the two hypotheses can be true.
A statistically significant exists between the two variables. If samples used to
test the null hypothesis return false, it means that the alternate hypothesis is
true, and there is statistical significance between the two variables.
2.2.4 Directional (one-tailed) and non-directional (two tailed) tests and
hypotheses.
what is a one tailed hypothesis?
A hypothesis that is built upon a certain directional relationship between two
variables and constructed upon an already existing theory, is called a
directional hypothesis.
what is a two tailed hypothesis?
2.2 Methods 1
, It involves an open-ended non-directional hypothesis that predicts that the
independent variable will influence the dependent variable; however, the
nature or direction of a relationship between two subject variables is not
defined or clear.
2.2.5 Experimental and research designs: repeated measures, independent
groups and matched pairs.
what is a repeated measure experimental design?
when the same task is repeated with the same participants.
what is a independent group experimental design?
when there are different groups and each group do a different tasks and then
the results are later compared.
what is a matched pairs experimental design?
when the participants are put into groups based on their gender, age,
ethnicity, IQ.
2.2.6 Operationalisation of variables, extraneous variables and confounding
variables.
What is operationalisation?
Operationalisation means turning abstract concepts into measurable
observations. Although some concepts, like height or age, are easily
measured, others, like spirituality or anxiety, are not.
what is an extraneous variable?
In an experiment, an extraneous variable is any variable that you’re not
investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study.
If left uncontrolled, extraneous variables can lead to inaccurate conclusions
about the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
what is a confounding variable?
2.2 Methods 2
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