Exam (elaborations)
FINAL PAPER 1 STUDIES (Bio Specialization + HL Topic)
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- ASE A1 Practice Test - Cumulative
FINAL PAPER 1 STUDIES (Bio Specialization + HL Topic)
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FINAL PAPER 1 STUDIES (BioSpecialization + HL Topic)
✅✅
Draganski (Localization, Neuroplasticity, Lab and Informed Consent)
Aim- To see if learning a new skill would have an effect on the brains
of participants (in this case juggling)
✅✅
Draganski (Localization, Neuroplasticity, Lab and Informed Consent)
Method- 24 volunteers between the age of 20-24
20 females and 4 males
All participants were non jugglers at the start of the study
Each participants had an MRI scan at the start of the study to serve as a
base rate for grey matter and brain structure
✅✅
Draganski (Localization, Neuroplasticity, Lab and Informed Consent)
Procedure- The participants were separated into two conditions (the
jugglers and non jugglers)
Those that were in the juggling condition were taught a three ball cascade
juggling routine
They were asked to practice the routine and notify the researchers when
they have mastered the skill at that point the researchers conducted a
second MRI scan on the jugglers
After the second MRI scan the researchers told the participants to stop
practicing the juggling routine
After three months a final third MRI scan was conducted on participants in
the juggling condition
The non juggler condition served as a control group for the duration of the
study
,To analyze the MRI scans, researchers used a voxel-based morphometry
(VBM) to determine any significant differences in neural density (grey
matter) in the brains of non-jugglers and jugglers
✅✅
Draganski (Localization, Neuroplasticity, Lab and Informed Consent)
Results- From the baseline scans at the start of the study there were
no significant regional differences in grey matter between the two
conditions
However, at the end of the first part of the study, jugglers showed a
significantly larger amount of grey matter in the mid-temporal area in both
hemispheres - an area associated with visual memory -
Three months after the jugglers stop juggling, MRI scans showed that the
amount of grey matter in the mid-temporal area in both hemispheres had
decreased
There was no change in the non juggler condition for the duration of the
study
✅✅
Draganski (Localization, Neuroplasticity, Lab and Informed Consent)
Evaluation- Strengths
There was a pre-test, post-test design to show the differences in neural
density over time
The study was a lab experiment, providing a cause and effect relationship
There was a control group (the non jugglers) that served as a control group
(help ensure the internal validity)
Limitations
The sample size was very small (data may not be reliable) The study has
potential problems with internal validity as the participants were in their
home environments for the majority of the study
The study will need to be replicated to establish its reliability
,Maguire (MRI, Localization, Neuroplasticity) Aim- ✅✅ To investigate
whether changes could be detected in the brains of London taxi drivers and
to further investigate the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory.
Maguire (MRI, Localization, Neuroplasticity) Method- ✅✅16 right handed
male taxi drivers
50 right handed males who did not drive taxis
The participants must have had completed the "knowledge" test and held
their license for at least 1.5 years
There was a variety of ages to show that age is not a confounding variable
The data from the MRI was measured using two different techniques:
voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and pixel counting
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used in this study to measure the
density of grey matter in the brain.
Pixel counting consists of counting the pixels in the images provided by the
MRI scans in order to calculate the area of the hippocampus.
Single-blinded study - researchers looked at MRI scans of both the
participants and control group without knowing which belonged to what
group.
Maguire (MRI, Localization, Neuroplasticity) Procedure- ✅✅MRI scans
were used to observe the structure of the hippocampus.
Maguire (MRI, Localization, Neuroplasticity) Results- ✅✅There were two
key findings of the study:
First, pixel counting revealed that the posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers
were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects and the anterior
hippocampus were significantly smaller.
VBM showed that the volume of the right posterior hippocampus correlated
with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver.
, No differences were observed in other parts of the brain.
Maguire (MRI, Localization, Neuroplasticity) Conclusion-✅✅ Maguire
argues that this demonstrates that the hippocampus may change in
response to environmental demands, as it appears that the posterior
hippocampus is involved when previously learned spatial information is
used, whereas the anterior hippocampal region may be more involved
during the encoding of new environmental layouts.
Maguire (MRI, Localization, Neuroplasticity) Evaluation-✅✅ Strengths
The brain scans were coded so that analysis could be done blindly - that is,
the researchers did not know which brain scan belonged to which
participant in order to avoid researcher bias.
You cannot argue that the MRI has low ecological validity because the
participants were not asked to do anything while in the scanner. They
simply had their brain anatomy measured.
The study is ethically sound as the MRI does not pose any health risks to
the participants and all gave consent.
Limitations
Quasi-experiment = no manipulation of the IV (spatial memory), therefore,
a cause and effect relationship cannot be established.
Although the study appears to have sampling bias, it is a reality that the
vast majority of London cabbies (Taxi Drivers) are male. However, it still
does make it difficult to generalize the findings
Fisher, Aron and Brown (fMRI, Neurotransmitters) Aim- ✅✅to investigate
neural mechanisms associated with the attraction system
Fisher, Aron and Brown (fMRI, Neurotransmitters) Method- ✅✅
Lab
experiment
10 women and 7 men between 18-26 years of age who were in love
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