Criminal Justice
anomie - ANS-A condition in which a people or society undergoes a breakdown of social norms
and values
arraignment - ANS-A court appearance in which the defendant is formally charged with a crime
and asked to respond by pleading guilty, not guilty, or nolo contendere.
arson - ANS-The act of intentionally burning a building. Any death that results from arson is
murder, regardless of the arsonist's intention.
atavism - ANS-The appearance in a person of features thought to be from earlier stages of
human evolution. Popularized by Cesare Lombroso.
bailiff - ANS-An officer of the court responsible for executing writs and processes, making
arrests, and keeping order in the court.
behaviorism - ANS-The assessment of human psychology via the examination of objectively
observable and quantifiable actions, as opposed to subjective mental states.
bill of indictment - ANS-A declaration of the charges against an accused person that is
presented to a grand jury to determine whether enough evidence exists for an indictment.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATFE) - ANS-A law enforcement
organization within the United States Treasury that enforces federal laws and regulations
relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, explosives, and arson.
burglary - ANS-The act of breaking into and entering a building or other structure or vehicle to
commit a crime. Extreme force is not required, and burglary is not restricted to theft. Any crime
committed, such as assault, is considered to be burglary.
chemical castration - ANS-Anti-androgen drugs, usually administered by injection, that have the
effect of lowering the testosterone level and blunting the sex drive in males.
Chicago school - ANS-Criminological theories that rely, in part, on individuals' demographics
and geographic location to explain criminal behavior.
classical school of criminology - ANS-A set of criminological theories that uses the idea of free
will to explain criminal behavior.
clearance rates - ANS-The number of crimes that have been solved by the police.
, county stockade - ANS-A component of a county corrections system. The stockade usually
holds offenders who have already been sentenced. Because of overcrowding in state systems,
many county stockades hold state felony offenders on a contract basis.
crime - ANS-An action taken by a person or group of people that violates the rules of a given
society to the point that someone is harmed or the interests of that society are harmed.
crime rate - ANS-The number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area,
usually given as a rate of crimes per 100,000 people.
dark figure of crime - ANS-A metaphor that describes crime that goes unreported to police and
criminal justice officials and is never quantified.
differential association theory - ANS-States that crime is learned. Children learn crime from
other children. Developed by Edwin Sutherland.
discretion - ANS-The power of a judge, public official, or law enforcement officer to make
decisions on issues within legal guidelines.
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) - ANS-Enforces U.S. controlled substances laws and
regulations. Also brings to the U.S. criminal system organizations involved in the growing,
manufacture, and/or distribution of controlled substances to be trafficked in the United States.
electronic monitoring - ANS-A form of intermediate punishment in which an offender is allowed
to remain in the community but must ear an electronic device that allows the authorities to
monitor his or her whereabouts. Electronic monitoring may also be done via telephone.
false consciousness - ANS-An attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately
reflect the reality of that class's existence. A term associated with Karl Marx.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) - ANS-The principal investigative arm of the Department of
Justice. It investigates the crimes assigned to it and provides cooperative services to other law
enforcement agencies.
felony - ANS-A crime punishable by a term in state or federal prison and sometimes by death. In
some instances, a sentence for a felony conviction may be less than one year. Felonies are
sometimes called "high crimes."
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) - ANS-An agency of the Department of Justice
responsible for enforcing the laws regulating the admission of foreigners to the United States
and for administering immigration benefits, including the naturalization of applicants for U.S.
citizenship.
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