Respiratory System Questions and Answers with verified solutions

Respiratory System Questions and Answers with verified solutions Alveoli - ANS- tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream Anoxia - ANS- Complete lack of oxygen Bronchial sounds - ANS- produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi Cartilage Rings - ANS- Cartilage is strong but flexible tissue. The tracheal cartilages help support the trachea while still allowing it to move and flex during breathing. Crackles - ANS- tearing Velcro noises indicative of fluid in alveoli (pneumonia) Cricoid Cartilage - ANS- a ring of cartilage that surrounds the trachea, or windpipe. It is located near the middle and center of the neck. This cartilage consists of strong connective tissue constituting the dorsal (back) part of the larynx, or voice box. Diaphragm - ANS- A sheet of muscle located between the thoracic & abdominal cavities Epiglottis - ANS- a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe. Expiration - ANS- = exhalation. Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity. As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to decrease in intrapulmonary volume. Increase in gas pressure. Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage External intercostal muscles - ANS- located between the ribs External respiration - ANS- gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli. Oxygen is loaded into the blood. Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood. The alveoli always have more oxygen than the blood. Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of lower concentration. Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen. Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor Function of the sinuses - ANS- to help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe. Glottis - ANS- the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the slitlike opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction. How do the lungs work? - ANS- Red blood cells collect the oxygen from the lungs and carry it to the parts of the body where it is needed. The red blood cells then collect the carbon dioxide and transport it back to the lungs, where it leaves the body when we exhale. How is carbon dioxide carried through the blood? - ANS- transported as bicarbonate. As blood flows through the tissues, carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells, where it is converted into bicarbonate. How is oxygen carried through the blood? - ANS- Most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). A small dissolved amount is carried in the plasma How long can the body go without oxygen, before brain cells begin to die? - ANS- Four minutes Hypoxia - ANS- Decrease in oxygen Inspiration - ANS- = inhalation. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract The size of the thoracic cavity increases. External air is pulled into the lungs due to Increase in intrapulmonary volume Decrease in gas pressure Internal respiration - ANS- Exchange of gases between blood and body cells An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood (called loading) Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called unloading) Intrapleural pressure - ANS- Normal pressure within the pleural space is always negative Laryngopharynx - ANS- The part of the pharynx lying below the aperture of the larynx and behind the larynx; it extends from the vestibule of the larynx to the esophagus at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. PHOOD Larynx - ANS- the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box. LALALA Lingual tonsils - ANS- are found at the base of the tongue Nasopharynx - ANS- The part of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate; anteriorly it opens into the nasal cavities through the choanae; inferiorly, it communicates with the oropharynx through the pharyngeal isthmus; laterally it communicates with tympanic cavities through pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes. Oropharynx - ANS- The portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth; it is continuous above with the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal isthmus and below with the laryngopharynx. Palatine tonsils - ANS- are located in the oropharynx Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) - ANS- is located in the nasopharynx Pharynx - ANS- connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus. It is commonly referred to as the throat. In the digestive system, its muscular walls function in the process of swallowing and it serves as a pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus. As part of the respiratory system, it allows for the movement of air from the nose and mouth to the larynx in the process of breathing. Pleural rubs - ANS- walking on fresh snow (pleuritis). Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity. Primary Bronchi - ANS- Formed by division of the trachea. Enters the lung at the hilum (medial depression). Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches Pulmonary ventilation - ANS- moving air in and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing). Completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure