For the GCSE Pearson Edexcel B Geography the notes provided are a one page summary for the paper 2 which your GCSEs will be on (if you are sitting this specification)
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Case studies for paper 2: Qualitative method:
Sheffield flooding (brief): Bipolar survey:
Summer 2007, River Don flooded o Desc: uses observer’s judgement to assess an environment
Natural causes: against a range of indicators. Often with a scale. Results on a
o Prolonged rainfall – 90mm and 100mm of rain fell on two spider diagram
separate days (+) Systematic sampling – reduces bias; random sampling; it’s a
o Soil saturation simple form of data collection
o Confluence of many rivers (-) systematic sampling – not all points have chance to be
Human causes: chosen; extremely subjective so is different to everyone;
o Urbanisation – inc amount of impermeable materials used random sampling can be inaccurate representation of area
o Climate change – enhanced greenhouse effect Secondary sources:
Impacts: o Geology map – Geology of Britain viewer- to view if
o 2 drowned management was correct in protecting area due to rock type
o 1200 homes flooded and 1000 businesses affected Shoreline management plan (from council) – to see how the
o Health risks from raw sewage in water coastline was managed at each location
o Millions in damage
Hard engineering flood management: Urban fieldwork – Stratford
o Build flood banks – raising banks of the river to increase its Aim/Hypothesis – Quality of life in east village is better than in
capacity – fairly cheap, one-off cost, however water carpenter’s estate
disperses quickly and increases the flood risk downstream Why did we go Stratford – accessible, recently regenerated,
o Divert river channel away from the city centre – creates compare East village & carpenter’s estate
diversion for excess away from the city centre – very Why Stratford for regeneration?
expensive – upto £14mil per km – protects city centre. o Chosen for 2012 Olympics so required regeneration
Increases flood risk elsewhere (+) New academy – educated 2000 pupils; East village – houses
Soft engineering flood management: 8000 people; Brownfield site – parkland
o Flood proofing – design new buildings/alter existing ones to (-) Unaffordable for Newham’s poorest; £8.77 bil cost; existing
reduce flood risk – very expensive, only affects new businesses displaced; produced 3.3mil tons of CO2.
buildings Primary data
o Flood plain zoning – refuse planning permission where (+) relevant to enquiry – accurate; updated data – collected
flood risk high – phases out development in high risk areas. real-time; simple, easy to interpret
Skls and hospitals will be built where flood risk lower (-) time-consuming → small sample size, expensive
o Index of decay/car survey – Quantitative/qualitative
Upland landscapes: (+) systematic – good coverage of area
In UK consists of igneous rock, metamorphic and some (-) subjective – own observations; biased; person may park
sedimentary rocks their car elsewhere
E.g. Lake district – its shape is due to its geology and processes o Questionnaires:
that acted on it in the past and now. (+) qualitative – opinions presented; random → equal chance
Other glacial landforms = U-shaped valleys, Corrie, Arête – of selection
narrow knife-edged ridge, Hanging valley – small valley that (-) data hard to condense; time consuming – able to get only
hangs above a larger one a small sample size; depends on time of day
Lowland landscapes: Secondary data – e.g Census, Index of multiple deprivation
In the UK, consists of younger and less resistant sedimentary (+) cheap, time saving, accessible, provide background info
rock. (-) out dated, biased, irrelevant to enquiry question
E.g. the weald – as erosion and weathering happened, it o Census
exposed the rock underneath leaving a scarp and vale (+) provides overview of social life, easy comparisons, large
landscape sample size, high return rate
Landforms found in the south were formed by moraines – (-) lacks validity – serves interest of elite and manipulated by
mass of rock and sediment which has been transported by state; changes over time; out dated
glacier) Chloropleth map:
(+) visually effective – colour=value; flexible layout
Cornwall: (-) assumes whole region has same value; abrupt changes in
Lack of rural investment, lack of high income, unemployment boundaries
20% of working age earns less than living age Line graph
Reasons for decline: (+) visual impression of trends; simple to construct
o Farming – falling farm revenues, cheaper imported goods, (-) cluttered – complicated due to uneven intervals
decreased gov grants Pie chart
o Fishing – EU quotas caused some fish stock to go to other (+) displays relative proportions of multiple classes of data
countries (-) does not easily show changes over time; does not reveal
o Tin and copper mining – overmining, cheaper overseas exact value of data
competition, expensive exports
Diversification = varying service provided in the countryside
Eden project:
(+) generates £1.1 bil and attracts 13mil visitors; employs 650
ppl and uses 2700 local suppliers
(-) costed £140mil; creates pollution+traffic; older people not
employed
Superfast broadband:
(+) High take up - 96% have access; encourages industry
relocation
(-) costed £182bil; poor transport links to urban core
Walton-On-The-Naze Fieldwork:
Aim/Hypothesis:
Local people and tourists benefit from the WoN coastal
management methods
Managements methods aw WoN reduce the rate of coastal
erosion.
Quantitative method:
Groyne measurement:
o Desc: measured each side of groyne to see if sediment was
being trapped through systematic measurement. Allows us
to see if management methods reduced the rate of erosion
(link to hypothesis)
(+) Systematic sampling – reduced bias, good representation
of the area
(-) Small sample size – only had time to measure 1 groyne ;
measurement error – difficult to hold ruler and to measure
form the top ; Systematic sampling – more biased as not all
points have equal chance of being chosen – under
representation of area
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